Buzz
1. Understanding File Systems
Before delving into the intricacies of file system formats, let's explore what a file system is. A file system is a part of software that governs how data is stored and retrieved on storage media. It manages operations such as copying, moving, and deleting files on a drive.
A file system is distinct from an operating system. It runs on the operating system and relies on it to interact with the underlying hardware. Each operating system (e.g., Windows, MacOS, Linux) can work with different file systems (either by default or through third-party tools).
2. Utilizing USB Drives - What's the Purpose?
Fundamentally, the crucial aspect is determining your operating system and the file size you're dealing with.
If predominantly using USB drives on Windows devices, you can opt for file system formats like FAT32, exFAT, or NTFS. While FAT32 and NTFS also operate on Linux, exFAT may require additional tools.
In case your USB is formatted as FAT32 and you want to switch to NTFS, check out how to
For exclusive use of USB on Linux devices, you can supplement with formats like EXT 2, 3, or 4. macOS can choose formats like FAT32 or exFAT; for NTFS, additional tools are needed. The native file system for macOS is HFS+ (and the latest APFS), not EXT.
FAT32 and NTFS formats are almost ubiquitous across all major operating systems. These formats are not interchangeable and come with notable differences.
3. FAT32, exFAT, NTFS, HFS, EXT 2, 3, and 4
There are numerous different file system formats. Below is detailed information about some of the most common file system formats:
- NTFS: NTFS stands for NT File System, serving as the default file system for Windows partitions. NTFS supports journaling, large file sizes, file compression, long filenames, access control, and more. If working exclusively in a Windows environment, NTFS is a secure choice. Linux can also handle NTFS, while macOS requires third-party tools for writing. Hence, even when not operating in a Windows environment, NTFS remains an excellent option.
- FAT32: FAT32, also known as File Allocation Table 32, is a file system pre-installed on USB drives. It is the Windows file system standard preceding NTFS. Compared to NTFS, FAT32 is slower, less secure, and limited to 4 GB/file. However, it is widely used across major operating systems. If using USB in a diverse environment with portability as a top concern, FAT32 is all you need.
Check out how to Convert FAT32 to NTFS here.
- exFAT: exFAT, or extended File Allocation Table, is a newer version of FAT32. exFAT does not support journaling and is compatible with both Microsoft's Windows and macOS, requiring additional support tools for Linux. exFAT has no 4 GB/file limit like FAT32.
- HFS+ or Hierarchical File System is the default file system in macOS. If exclusively using USB on Mac devices, you can opt for this file system format. HFS+ also supports both Windows and Linux. However, if you intend to use USB on multiple different operating systems, you'll have better alternatives.
- EXT 2, 3, and 4: Also known as Extended file system, it is the first file system format specifically designed for Linux. Similar to HFS+, you can use this format on various operating systems, but it may not be the optimal choice. Use this format if your USB device is primarily used on Linux computers.
Most file system formats are compatible and support multiple operating systems such as Windows, macOS, Linux, and more. Therefore, you usually don't limit yourself to a single file system format for your USB drive.
Currently, USBs are commonly used for various purposes beyond data storage, including creating bootable USBs and installing Windows. Creating a UEFI standard USB is crucial as many modern PCs are selective when it comes to installing Windows via USB.
If you don't deal with large file sizes, you'll have more options. If data transfer speed is not the top priority, you'll also have more choices. Hopefully, after reading Mytour's article on choosing the file system format for your USB, you can make an informed decision on which format to use. Wishing you all success.
