Prepare for the essay 'Ngô's Great Proclamation': section on the Work, Vietnamese Literature 10

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Essay on Ngô's Great Proclamation - in our previous guide, we directed you to explore the author Nguyễn Trãi. In this 10th-grade essay, we will assist you in a more in-depth understanding of the content and artistic aspects of the work. Using textbook questions, we will provide comprehensive and detailed answers to help you approach the text with ease.
 

* Crafting the essay 'Ngô's Great Proclamation – The Work'

Question 1: (Page 22 Textbook Vietnamese Literature 10 Volume 2)

Answer:

The speech is divided into four paragraphs as outlined in the textbook, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4. The main content of each paragraph is as follows:
- Paragraph 1: Affirms the longstanding independence of the Dai Viet nation, an unchanging truth, with the humanitarian ideology intertwined with the patriotism of the people from ancient times to the present.

Question 2: (Page 22 Textbook Vietnamese Literature 10 Volume 2)

Answer:
a. The affirmed truths to establish a solid foundation for the speech include:
- Humanitarian ideology is rooted in ensuring the peaceful lives of the people.
- Our Dai Viet nation has a history of a thousand years of civilization, independence, and sovereignty. This is an undeniable truth.

b. The opening paragraph serves as a declaration of independence where the author presents evidence with the significance of an objective truth and profound righteous ideology.
- It asserts an undeniable historical truth: 'As our Dai Viet nation has long/Vied for a civilized status.'
- Nguyen Trai provides all the elements to constitute a nation, defining the national sovereignty including:
+ Territorial boundaries
+ Customs and traditions
+ A thousand years of civilization
+ History of ruling dynasties
+ Outstanding talents 'throughout the ages.'

c. To emphasize national pride, the author employs a very refined writing style:
- Utilizes assertive, historically rich terms such as 'from before,' 'long ago,' 'originally,' 'throughout generations,' 'which era.'
- Uses comparative metaphors:

 'From Triệu, Đinh, Lý, Trần laying the foundation for independence
Alongside Hán, Đường, Tống, Nguyên each proclaiming emperors in their own direction.'

Comparing our dynasties horizontally with those of the North, asserting an equal and independent position.
- Provides evidence of the failures of Northern dynasties' generals when invading our country, such as Triệu Tiết, Lưu Cung, Toa Đô, Ô Mã, to enhance persuasion and assert the invincible strength of the nation.

Question 3: (Page 22 Textbook Vietnamese Literature 10 Volume 2)

Answer:

a. Content:
- Ming's conspiracy: Exploiting the Hồ family's turmoil, the Ming army pretended to assist the Trần family in overthrowing the Hồs, but, in reality, plotted to invade and subjugate our country.
- Ming's atrocities:
+ Massacring innocent people in extremely brutal ways, 'Roasting blackened folk on the ruthless flames/Burying the red ones under the pit of dire ears.'
+ Oppressing the people with punitive taxes, cruel forced labor, ruthless plundering of wealth, gold, gems, and precious resources, pushing the population into the 'deep forest, poisonous waters,' where the treacherous ocean is full of 'sharks and thunderous currents.'
- The plot to conquer, turning our country into a colony, is the most sinister, committing genocide, massacring the innocent, plunging our nation into a sea of blood is the most horrifying crime.

b. Artistry:
- Utilizes vivid imagery such as 'Roasting blackened folk on the ruthless flames/Burying the red ones under the pit of dire ears,' with specific details and images listed consecutively, 'People forced into the sea, backs searching for pearls,' 'Those taken to the mountains treated to sand in search of gold.' The contrast between innocent civilians and Ming invaders is stark.
- The writing tone is solemn, and the rhythm changes according to each situation, expressing anger, hatred, resentment quickly and pain, poignant sympathy slowly.

Question 4: (Page 22 Textbook Vietnamese Literature 10 Volume 2)

Answer:

a.
- The initial phase of the Lam Sơn uprising was extremely difficult and challenging:
+ The enemy was powerful, while our forces were inexperienced, and the troops were scarce. There was a lack of talented individuals to provide support. The rebels had to hide in the wilderness, facing shortages of food, supplies, and weaponry.

“Gallant as morning stars,
Talented as autumn leaves.
In the struggle, lacking those who can help,
Among the rare virtuous, few could converse.”

- The image of the hero Lê Lợi, representing the uprising, is portrayed with highly valuable qualities, deep patriotism, and profound hatred for the enemy. Always struggling for the fate of the nation, sometimes 'forgetting to eat due to anger,' 'restless in a dreamless night.' Patient and persistent, 'tasting bitterness and lying on thorns for more than ten years,' strategic and thoughtful, 'planning strategies with careful consideration,' dedicated to saving the country. Esteeming virtuous individuals, 'the carriage seeking virtuousness remains diligent, awaiting on the left.' All are characteristics of a brilliant military leader and an outstanding leader.

- The strength that helped our people triumph originates from a deep love for the nation, a spirit of national pride, and a profound hatred for the invading enemy. It includes:
+ The unity spirit of our people, 'people of the four directions are one family,' 'generals and soldiers share the same loyalty.'
+ Proper combat strategies, flexible and creative application, 'Create favorable situations, exploit the weak against the strong/Use skilled forces to defeat numerous enemies.'
+ Profound righteous ideology, 'Use great righteousness to overcome brutality/Use moral integrity to replace cruelty.'

b. When depicting the victorious counteroffensive phase, the speech describes the picture of the Lam Sơn uprising:
- Including the following battles:
+ Northward advances, including: Tây Kinh, Đông Đô, Ninh Kiều, and Tốt Động. Our forces, victorious and resolute, reclaimed the captured fortresses. The enemy forces were 'filled with internal discord,' their henchmen 'betrayed and lost their lives,' the enemy leaders were desperate and unscrupulous, and our forces, seeing the situation, did not kill or pursue them but spared them, unexpectedly, they 'still sought cunning ways,' sought reinforcements, aiming to reverse the situation.
+ The annihilation of the enemy's support forces: Chi Lăng, Mã An. The enemy, eager to turn the tide, was besieged from all sides by our forces, with no way to retreat, resulting in their defeat and surrender.

- Artistic aspects:
+ Using powerful verbs, exaggerating comparisons with magnificent natural images, employing paired contrasting sentences, creating a rhythmic effect with rhyme and cadence, and maintaining a solid structure.
+ Providing specific evidence from locations to the names of historical figures to enhance persuasiveness.
+ The heroic, captivating, and powerful tone, resembling an endless epic.

- The grandeur of the passage is conveyed through:
+ A strong, fast-paced rhythm, reminiscent of the galloping of marching horses, the resounding cheers of Lam Sơn's righteous troops. The images of the righteous troops are powerful and heroic, full of passion, such as 'fire burning even more fiercely,' 'more spirited as they advance,' 'flowing with momentum like a sword breaking through,' thunderous and flashing. The soldiers are 'valiant,' the self is daring, courageously 'stroking the tiger's mane,' fighting the enemy until they are 'astonishingly clean,' 'eliminating birds of prey,' like a storm of fury.
+ Language rich in symbolic expression, solemn, with the 'divine mandate' ideology of Nguyễn Trãi, borrowing the magnificent images of nature such as wind, fire, birds, clouds, the moon, and the sun to elevate the majestic beauty of Lam Sơn's righteous troops.

Question 5: (Page 22 Literature Textbook Grade 10)

Answer:

- The writing style in the final paragraph becomes slower, the pace descends with a heavy undertone of reflection, and the pride of the nation gradually permeates through each word.
- The conclusion serves as both a declaration of independence and imparts a historical lesson: the fate of a nation fluctuates like the Kiền and Khôn hexagrams in the Five Elements Eight Trigrams, or like the sun and moon that rise and set. The nation's destiny, whether flourishing or declining, hinges on the peaceful nature of its people. If the nation prioritizes the tranquility of its people, then undoubtedly, its destiny will be bright and prosperous. Additionally, it is essential to remember that the nation's tranquility is partly due to the predetermined 'divine mandate' and the blessings of our ancestors' protection, a sentiment that should be kept in our hearts and cherished.
- The historical lesson also holds relevance for us in modern life; nothing remains prosperous forever, and eventually, decline arrives. Success is often preceded by the taste of failure. What matters is our thoughts and actions. If we act with benevolence, maintain a pure heart, persevere without losing spirit, and always look forward, we will reap many beautiful successes and not fear failure entwining our path.

Question 6: (Page 22 Literature Textbook Grade 10)

Answer:

a. Bình Ngô Great Proclamation holds the significance of both a declaration of independence and an assertion of human rights. Throughout the proclamation, Nguyen Trai intertwines the concepts of individual rights and national rights. The nation comprises elements of territory, economy, politics, and culture. To be a real nation, it must have a community of people living and governing on it. Nguyen Trai places the welfare of the people at the forefront, expressing the desire for a life of abundance, peace, and prosperity. In part two, he vividly highlights the atrocities committed by the Ming invaders, emphasizing their brutality in massacring and exploiting our people. Nguyen Trai's compassionate and resentful tone reflects his deep respect for the right to life. He elevates this notion to a central theme of the proclamation, alongside the declaration of independence. Notably, he writes, 'Upholding great righteousness to conquer brutality/Taking benevolence to replace cruel tyranny,' demonstrating a humane attitude, forgiving even the enemy by not only sparing their lives but also providing transportation and provisions for their return. In summary, Binh Ngo Great Proclamation is not only a declaration of independence but also a declaration of the right to life.

b. The Great Proclamation of Binh Ngo harmoniously combines elements of rhetoric and literary artistry, evident through the following features:

* Artistry:
- Tight, robust structure with a balanced and harmonious division of content.
- Sharp and persuasive arguments supported by credible evidence, spanning from history to the present, across various domains including culture, economy, and politics.
- Rich, diverse language with creative, profound, and symbolic imagery.
- Flexible and dynamic writing style, alternating between powerful, intense expressions and slower, contemplative tones, filled with pride and profound reflections.

In an epic reminiscent of the Declaration of Independence, this narrative encapsulates the valiant and arduous struggle of our nation against the relentless invasion of the Ming forces. It glorifies the spirit of national pride, profound patriotism, and applauds the unity, bravery, and sacrifices of our people. It proudly extols the illustrious achievements of the Dai Viet nation.

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