How to Deal with a Runny Nose

A runny nose (nasal discharge) is a clear, sticky substance that acts as a filter, preventing unwanted particles in the air from entering the body through the nose. It is a natural defense mechanism of the body, though sometimes it can produce excess mucus, making it difficult to manage and seemingly endless. The best way to address this issue is to identify the underlying cause and focus on treating it. Common causes of a runny nose include allergies, non-allergic rhinitis, infections, and structural issues in the nose.

Seek medical advice if you suspect an infection. If you're struggling with a runny nose and nasal congestion, it's possible that bacteria have spread, blocking your sinuses and causing sinusitis.

• Symptoms of sinusitis include sinus pressure, congestion, and headaches lasting more than 7 days.
• If you have a fever, sinusitis might be the cause.

Monitor changes in your nasal discharge. If your nasal discharge turns light green or yellow or has an odor, this indicates that bacteria have developed in your sinuses, leading to sinusitis.

• When the sinuses are blocked due to nasal congestion, mucus and bacteria get trapped inside. If sinus pressure and congestion are not addressed promptly, bacteria may cause sinusitis.
• It is also possible that you have viral sinusitis if the congestion and sinus pressure occur due to a cold or the flu.
• Antibiotics will not be effective if the infection is viral. For viral infections like the cold or flu, consider supplementing with zinc, vitamin C, and/or pseudoephedrine (PSE – an active ingredient found in many cold medications).

Take antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. If your doctor diagnoses bacterial sinusitis, they may prescribe antibiotics. Be sure to follow the prescribed dosage and duration.

• Even if you feel better after just 1-2 doses, continue to take the full course of antibiotics as directed. Failing to complete the prescribed dose may lead to antibiotic resistance. Moreover, finishing the full course is important because bacteria may still be present in your sinuses.
• Be cautious, as some doctors may prescribe antibiotics before confirming the exact cause of your infection. You should ask your doctor about the procedure for ensuring antibiotics are appropriate.
• If your symptoms do not improve even after completing the full antibiotic course, inform your doctor. You may need another round of antibiotics.
• Discuss with your doctor any allergy tests or preventive measures if you frequently experience a runny nose.

Seek medical help if your runny nose persists. In some cases, you may continue to experience a runny nose despite trying multiple treatments.

• If you continue to have nasal inflammation or a persistent runny nose, consult your doctor.
• You may need to undergo a series of tests to determine if you're allergic to something in your home or workplace.
• Furthermore, you could be dealing with nasal polyps (growths) or other structural changes in the nasal cavity, which could worsen the condition.

Consult your doctor about structural nasal abnormalities. The most common abnormality causing a runny nose is nasal polyps.

• Nasal polyps develop over time, and small polyps are often hard to detect and may not cause any issues.
• Larger polyps can block the airflow through the sinuses, causing irritation and leading to more mucus production.
• Other abnormalities may include a deviated septum or adenoid hypertrophy, though these are less likely to cause excessive nasal discharge.
• Injuries to the nose or surrounding areas can also cause structural abnormalities, and sometimes result in symptoms such as increased mucus. Inform your doctor if you have had recent facial or nasal injuries.

Use a nasal irrigation bottle. A nasal irrigation bottle is a small teapot-shaped device. When used correctly, it can help flush out mucus and irritants from the nose while moisturizing the nasal passages.

• The bottle works by allowing water (saline or distilled) to flow into one nostril and out the other, removing irritants and bacteria.
• Fill the bottle with about 100 ml of saline solution, tilt your head over a sink, and place the spout into the upper nostril.
• Pour the solution into the nostril and let it flow out through the other nostril. Repeat the process with the other nostril.
• This is the nasal rinse process, where you use fluid to clean the nose, removing excess mucus and irritants that cause the body to produce more mucus. You can use the nasal irrigation bottle once or twice a day.
• The bottle also helps moisturize and soothe the sinuses. You can purchase one at a pharmacy at a low cost without a prescription. Be sure to clean the bottle after each use.

Make your own saline solution. If you want to prepare your own nasal rinse solution, use distilled or sterile water. You can also use cooled boiled water, but never use tap water, as it may contain impurities and irritants.

• Mix about 200 ml of water, 1/4 teaspoon of coarse salt, and 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda. Note, do not use regular table salt. Stir well to dissolve the salt and pour the solution into the irrigation bottle.
• You can store the saline solution for up to 5 days in a sealed bottle or jar in the refrigerator. Before use, take the solution out of the fridge and allow it to reach room temperature.

Apply a warm compress to your face. Applying heat can help alleviate pain caused by sinus pressure, thin mucus, and make it easier for mucus to drain from the sinuses.

• Moisten a small towel or cloth with hot water, then place it on your face where you feel the most pressure.
• Generally, you can place the cloth over your eyes, eyebrows, nose, and cheekbones (upper part of the face).
• Every few minutes, reheat the cloth and continue applying it to your face to reduce pain and pressure.

Elevate your head while sleeping. This helps keep the nasal passages clear during the night and prevents mucus buildup in the nose.

• Get plenty of rest to support a healthy body and prevent sinusitis caused by excessive mucus production in the sinuses.

Increase humidity in your living space. Dry air can be an irritant, leading to problems like a runny nose and nasal congestion.

• There are two main types of humidifiers: cool mist and warm mist, each with various models. If you suffer from dry nasal passages, irritation, or a runny nose, consider using a humidifier in your home.
• Indoor plants also help increase humidity in the air. You can use plants as an alternative or complement to a humidifier.
• Another simple way to temporarily increase humidity includes steam from boiling water on the stove, opening the bathroom door, running hot water, or drying clothes indoors.

Inhale steam. Steam helps loosen mucus in the chest, nose, and throat, making it easier for your body to expel the mucus.

• Boil a kettle of water, then position your face near the spout and breathe in the steam for several minutes.
• Use a large towel to cover your head, trapping the steam so you can inhale more effectively.
• Alternatively, taking a hot shower can also help thin out mucus in your nose.

Avoid irritants. Exposure to irritants such as smoke, sudden temperature changes, and strong chemical odors can cause your sinuses to produce more mucus. Sometimes, mucus can drip into the throat (called post-nasal drip), and irritants can even cause the lungs to produce mucus known as phlegm. You may feel the need to cough to clear the phlegm from your system.

• If you smoke, quit. Avoid exposure to both direct and second-hand smoke.
• If burning waste or standing against the wind when having a bonfire triggers your symptoms, avoid those activities.
• Other airborne irritants such as dust, pet dander, mold, and mildew in the home or workplace can also cause problems for your sinuses. Regularly change air filters to reduce irritants inside your home.
• Vehicle exhaust, workplace chemicals, and even haze can stimulate mucus production in a similar way as allergens, a condition called non-allergic rhinitis.

Protect your sinuses from sudden temperature changes. If your work requires you to be in a cold environment, mucus may accumulate in your sinuses and leak out when you enter a warmer space.

• Wear warm coverings for your face and nose if you need to go outside in cold weather.
• Consider wearing a snug hat to keep your head warm and using a mask or face shield (similar to a ski mask) to retain heat around your face.

Blow your nose gently and properly. However, some experts argue that blowing your nose can sometimes cause more harm than good.

• Blow your nose gently, one nostril at a time.
• Blowing your nose too hard can cause small holes in the nasal passages. If bacteria or irritants are present, blowing too hard can push them deeper into your sinuses.
• Always use a clean tissue or cloth to blow your nose, and wash your hands thoroughly afterward to prevent spreading germs.

Take antihistamines. Antihistamines are over-the-counter medications that are effective for treating nasal sinus issues related to allergies or allergic rhinitis.

• These medications work by blocking the body's reactions when exposed to allergens. These reactions cause histamine production, and antihistamines reduce the body's response to allergens or irritants.
• Antihistamines are most effective for patients with seasonal or perennial allergies.
• Seasonal allergies are usually triggered by substances produced by plants during their blooming seasons in the spring and fall. Fall allergies are often caused by ragweed pollen.
• Perennial allergies are typically caused by unavoidable substances in your daily environment, such as dust, pet dander, cockroaches, or insects living around your home.
• While antihistamines can be helpful, individuals with severe seasonal or perennial allergies may require more active treatment. Consult a doctor for additional options.

Use decongestants. Decongestants come in both oral and nasal spray forms. Oral decongestants contain ingredients like phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine. Common side effects include restlessness, dizziness, increased heart rate, slight increase in blood pressure, and sleep disturbances.

• Oral decongestants work by constricting blood vessels in the nose, which reduces swelling in the tissues. These medications dry up mucus quickly, reduce sinus pressure, and help clear nasal passages for easier breathing.
• You can purchase pseudoephedrine (often sold as Sudafed) without a prescription, though it is typically kept behind the pharmacy counter due to concerns about misuse.
• Consult with your doctor before using oral decongestants if you have a history of heart disease or high blood pressure.

Use nasal spray medications. Nasal decongestant sprays or drops are available over-the-counter but should be used with caution. While these products work quickly to clear nasal passages and reduce sinus pressure, overuse (more than three times a day) can lead to rebound effects.

• Rebound effect means that your body adjusts to the medication, and if you stop using it, you may experience even worse nasal congestion and sinus pressure. To avoid this, limit use to no more than three times per day.

Consider nasal corticosteroids. Nasal corticosteroids, available in spray form, help reduce inflammation in the sinuses, decrease nasal drainage, and limit excessive mucus production caused by allergens or irritants. These medications are typically used for long-term treatment of sinus and nasal issues.

• Some nasal corticosteroids are available without a prescription, while others require one. Fluticasone and triamcinolone are examples of medications you can buy over-the-counter.
• People who use nasal corticosteroids often experience relief after several days of use. Be sure to follow the instructions that come with the medication.

Use saline nasal spray. Saline nasal sprays help clear nasal passages and provide moisture to the nasal membranes. Follow the instructions carefully and be patient. You may notice benefits after just one or two uses, but continued use is needed for optimal results.

• Saline sprays work similarly to neti pots, hydrating irritated sinus tissues and flushing out allergens and irritants.
• Saline nasal sprays help reduce excessive mucus production, which can lead to congestion and post-nasal drip.

Drink plenty of fluids. Drinking water or other fluids helps thin mucus. If you want to clear nasal congestion and runny nose immediately, consuming lots of liquids can quickly thin the mucus, helping it drain out. Fluids assist your body in expelling the mucus so you can return to normal sooner.

• Drinking warm water not only hydrates your body but also adds moisture to your nasal passages as you inhale steam from the warm water.
• Any warm fluid can be beneficial, such as coffee, hot tea, or even a bowl of soup.

Drink a hot toddy. To prepare a hot toddy, you'll need hot water, a bit of whiskey or other alcohol, fresh lemon, and a spoonful of honey.

• Scientific evidence suggests that a hot toddy can help relieve nasal congestion, reduce mucus production, ease sinus pressure, soothe sore throats, and alleviate other sinus-related symptoms caused by colds.
• Be cautious about alcohol consumption, as excessive amounts can increase swelling in the sinuses, worsen congestion, and lead to more mucus production. Also, avoid regularly drinking too much alcohol as it can negatively affect your health.
• You can make a non-alcoholic hot toddy by replacing the alcohol with your favorite tea while still using fresh lemon and honey.

Drink herbal tea. In addition to providing moisture to the nasal passages, herbal tea also helps alleviate sinus issues.

• Try adding a few mint leaves to your hot cup of tea. Mint contains menthol, which helps reduce sinus pressure, nasal congestion, and mucus secretion. You’ll see the best results if you drink the herbal tea with mint leaves while inhaling the steam rising from the cup.
• Mint is often used to help treat excess mucus production or other sinus-related conditions. Menthol and mint extracts are also commonly used to relieve cough and breathing difficulties.
• Avoid drinking pure peppermint essential oil. Do not give mint or menthol extract to young children.
• Green tea and its derivatives have been shown to contain compounds that help support overall health and may assist in treating some sinus symptoms, particularly those related to colds. Gradually increase your green tea intake to avoid side effects like stomach discomfort or constipation.
• Green tea contains caffeine and other active compounds. People with health conditions or pregnant women should consult their doctor before regularly using green tea for medicinal purposes.
• Green tea may interact with certain medications, including antibiotics, birth control pills, cancer treatments, asthma medications, and stimulants. Therefore, consult with your doctor before changing your treatment plan or diet, especially when introducing herbal remedies.

Use other herbal products. Always use caution when using herbal products and consult your doctor before starting any treatment regimen that includes herbs.

• There is some evidence that combining certain herbs can be beneficial for treating sinus problems. Over-the-counter sinus treatments often contain a variety of different herbs.
• Look for products containing plants like evening primrose, bitter root, wild thyme, wormwood, and tamarind. These combinations may cause side effects such as stomach pain or diarrhea.

Try using ginseng. Research has been conducted on North American ginseng to explore its medicinal properties for treating various conditions. This research provides significant evidence of the effectiveness of this ginseng in alleviating symptoms related to nasal and sinus issues caused by the common cold.

• The root of ginseng has been classified as "potentially effective" for adults in reducing the frequency, severity, and duration of common cold symptoms. No studies have been conducted regarding the use of ginseng root for children.
• Reported side effects of ginseng root include: changes in blood pressure, low blood sugar, digestive issues like diarrhea, itching, skin inflammation, insomnia, headaches, restlessness, and vaginal bleeding.
• Ginseng often interacts with various medications, including those used to treat schizophrenia, diabetes, depression, and blood thinners like warfarin. Individuals undergoing surgery or chemotherapy should avoid using ginseng or its root.

Use burnt rice, eucalyptus, and licorice. Herbal remedies are commonly used to address excessive nasal mucus production and sinus issues. However, these herbs may interact with the previously mentioned medications, so it's important to consult your doctor before use.

• Individuals with existing conditions should avoid these herbs. Consult your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have diabetes, high blood pressure, autoimmune diseases, kidney or liver disease, low potassium levels, hormone-sensitive cancers, heart disease, or regularly take aspirin or blood thinners like warfarin.
• Burnt rice is effective for excessive nasal discharge or sinus-related issues. Products containing burnt rice are rich in vitamin C, while other herbs are used to relieve nasal congestion.
• Eucalyptus oil is highly concentrated and can be toxic if ingested. However, eucalyptus is commonly found in various products, especially those used to treat coughs. Eucalyptus products can be applied to the skin as chest rubs or taken in small amounts as cough lozenges. You can also add eucalyptus oil to a humidifier to help relieve congestion by dispersing the vapor into the air.
• Licorice root is a common herb, though there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness in treating nasal congestion or excessive mucus production.

Learn more about Echinacea (a type of purple coneflower). Many people use Echinacea products to treat nasal congestion, excessive mucus production, and colds.

• Scientific studies have not yet demonstrated significant effects of Echinacea in treating nasal congestion, dry nose, or cold symptoms.
• Echinacea is found in many products, derived from different parts of the plant. The production process is not standardized or regulated by law. It's unclear which part of the plant should be used, and the effects of these products are still not fully understood.