How to Identify Someone with Depression

Depression is a serious mental health condition that requires professional care and support. There are certain signs you should be aware of if you suspect someone may be experiencing depression. Pay attention to any changes in their behavior. A person with depression may sleep less, eat less, or experience weight loss. Also, observe any mood fluctuations they may have. Individuals suffering from depression can have mood swings and may find it difficult to concentrate. Always seek professional help if you believe the person may be contemplating suicide.

Look for signs of lost pleasure. Anhedonia, the inability to enjoy daily activities, is a common symptom of depression. Keep an eye out for signs that the person no longer finds joy in things they once enjoyed.

• This may occur quietly. For instance, someone who used to enjoy socializing may suddenly decline invitations to go out. A colleague who typically listens to music while working may now work in silence.
• You may also notice that the person seems withdrawn or emotionally distant. They may no longer smile or laugh at jokes, such as when a friend seems uninterested or indifferent during social events.

Be mindful of a pessimistic attitude. Depression often causes a negative perspective on life. If someone suddenly starts thinking about the worst possible outcomes frequently, depression could be the cause. A pessimistic attitude for a day or two might simply be due to a bad mood, but if it continues for a longer period, it could be a sign of depression.

• Sometimes this is very obvious. A depressed person might say things like, "There's no hope left." However, pessimistic signs can often be subtle. A depressed person might make statements that sound more realistic than pessimistic.
• For example, a person suffering from depression might say, "I studied really hard for this exam, but I don't know if I'll get a high grade." It may sound like they're just being realistic, but if they regularly make statements like this, they could be struggling with depression.
• A pessimistic attitude that lasts for weeks might indicate depression.

Look for signs of pretending to be happy. Pretending to be happy refers to someone who tries to appear cheerful in front of others. They might act like everything is fine and behave more happily than usual. However, this facade can only be maintained for so long, and eventually, they may start avoiding people to avoid being caught.

• Even though they appear very cheerful, you might feel that something is off. They might always smile when they see you, but you may notice that they seem to be avoiding you.
• You may notice someone who seems happy from the outside turning down invitations to go out, responding less to texts and calls, or withdrawing from others.
• If this behavior continues for several days, it could be a sign of depression.

Observe mood swings. People with depression often experience rapid emotional shifts. A person who is normally carefree might suddenly appear downcast all day. These unpredictable mood changes are a very common symptom of depression.

• The person may become more irritable and have a more hostile attitude when depressed. For example, a depressed friend might snap at you for being a few minutes late to an event.
• A depressed person may become very short-tempered. For instance, a colleague could suddenly get angry when explaining something to you at the office.
• If this happens once or twice, it could just be a bad day. However, if this behavior persists over time, it may be a sign of depression.

Notice if the person has trouble concentrating. Depression can cause a person to be overwhelmed with negative thoughts, making it hard for them to focus. If someone is depressed, you might notice a decline in their work performance.

• Along with depression, difficulty concentrating can affect both their professional and social life. A depressed friend might struggle to maintain a conversation. A depressed student might suddenly submit assignments late or fail to submit them at all.
• Frequently missing deadlines and forgetting tasks are common signs of difficulty concentrating. A colleague who was always punctual might begin forgetting meetings and reports, which could indicate depression.

Identify signs of excessive guilt. People with depression often feel an overwhelming sense of guilt. This constant feeling of regret in all aspects of life can be a sign of depression. If someone is constantly feeling guilty, especially over small matters, they might be struggling with depression.

• The person might talk about feeling guilty over past and present mistakes. For example, "I really regret not studying harder in college. I should have done better in the meeting today. I’m dragging the whole company down."
• A depressed person might also feel guilty about their emotions or way of life. They might apologize for not being a good friend or feel guilty for being sad.

Pay attention to changes in sleep patterns. Depression often disrupts sleep. A person suffering from depression might have trouble sleeping or may sleep excessively. While you might not be aware of someone’s exact sleep habits, listen to what they say or notice any behavioral changes that indicate they might have sleep issues.

• The easiest way to learn about someone's sleep changes is by listening to them. For example, they might complain about not getting enough sleep or sleeping too much.
• Changes in behavior could also signal disruptions in their sleep. Someone appearing disoriented or groggy during the day might be sleep-deprived.
• If a roommate, partner, or family member suddenly starts sleeping excessively, it could be a sign of depression.
• Note that many factors, including physical health conditions, can affect sleep patterns. Observe sleep changes over a longer period, accompanied by other depressive symptoms.

Notice changes in appetite. People with depression may binge eat to cope with stress or may lose interest in food and eat less.

• If the person is overeating, you might notice them snacking more frequently or consuming larger portions during meals. For example, you might see your roommate ordering food multiple times a day.
• If the person is losing appetite, they may skip meals frequently. For instance, you might observe a depressed colleague no longer having lunch.

Pay attention to their use of alcohol and substances. Substance abuse can be a significant indicator of depression. While not everyone with depression engages in substance abuse, many do. A number of depressed individuals may begin drinking excessively or using other substances.

• If you live with someone suffering from depression, you might notice them using substances more frequently. For example, your roommate might be drinking every night, even when they have class the next morning.
• You might also notice a colleague or friend becoming more dependent on substances. They might take more frequent breaks to smoke or might suddenly start drinking excessively when they go out.

Watch for changes in weight. Due to changes in appetite and physical activity levels, many people with depression experience fluctuations in weight. This is one of the most noticeable symptoms. Depression can cause a change of up to 5% of body weight in a month. A person with depression may either gain or lose weight.

• If you notice someone gaining or losing weight recently, along with other symptoms, it's very likely they may be dealing with depression.

Listen for talk of death. If someone is considering suicide, they may begin discussing death more frequently. You might notice them pondering death or bringing up the topic more often. For instance, they may start asking whether there is life after death.

• In extreme cases, a person contemplating suicide might say something like, “I wish I were dead.”

Be aware of negative statements. Someone considering suicide often has a very bleak view of themselves and life in general. You may notice they believe things will never improve, and they often repeat this belief. Their general feeling is one of hopelessness.

• They might say things like, “Life is just too hard” or “There’s no way out of this” or “I can’t do anything to fix this situation.”
• They might also express negative thoughts about themselves. You may hear them say things like, “I’m just a burden to others” or “You shouldn’t have to worry about me.”

Notice if they start organizing their affairs. This is a red flag. They may start working overtime to settle debts or suddenly want to write a will or give away prized possessions.

Listen for discussions about suicide plans. One of the most alarming signs of suicide intent is when someone begins to organize a plan. If they are trying to acquire weapons or lethal substances, they might be planning suicide. You may even find them writing something like a suicide note.

• If someone is actively planning suicide, the situation is extremely urgent. You should immediately contact emergency services, as the person’s life may be in immediate danger.

Take immediate action if you suspect someone is contemplating suicide. If you have doubts about someone wanting to end their life, your actions are critical. Suicidal thoughts are an emergency and need to be addressed promptly.

• Never leave someone who may be suicidal alone. If they are attempting to harm themselves, contact the police or emergency services immediately. Notify their family or friends as soon as possible.
• If you are not with the person, encourage them to call 18001567, the Vietnam Youth Crisis Counseling Hotline. In the U.S., the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is available at 800-273-TALK (800-273-8255). If you're in another country, search for the local suicide prevention hotline; for example, in the UK, you can reach +44 (0) 8457 90 90 90.
• Anyone at risk of suicide requires professional intervention as soon as possible. It’s essential to help them find a therapist or counselor. They may even need to be temporarily hospitalized for their safety.

Have a conversation with the person. If you suspect someone is suffering from depression, offer them an opportunity to open up. While professional help is essential, talking with them can also be beneficial. People with depression need the support of loved ones.

• Express your concerns by saying something like, 'I’ve noticed you’ve been acting differently lately, and I’m a bit worried.'
• Address the symptoms that make you concerned. For instance, 'You seem tired lately. I understand there might be a reason for it, but are you okay?'
• Let the person know you are there for them by saying, 'If you ever need to talk, I’m always happy to listen.'

Encourage the person to seek professional help. You cannot solve the problem of someone with depression on your own. Try to help them see a psychiatrist or therapist for proper treatment. They may require therapy or medication.

• You can offer to help them find a therapist. If your friend is still in school, suggest they visit the school counseling center.

Reassure the person that you will continue supporting them. Those dealing with depression need continuous assistance. Let them know you are willing to help them attend therapy sessions, track their treatment schedule, and offer support during depressive episodes.

• However, remember that you cannot solve their issues for them. While your support is crucial, the person with depression still needs professional help.

• If the person doesn't want to talk, don’t force them. Simply let them know you're there and ready to listen.
• If the person is a new mother, they may be experiencing postpartum depression.
• If you suspect someone has depression, avoid saying things like 'Stop it' or 'You’re just seeking attention.' Such comments may make them feel worse or push them to their limits.

• If you believe someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves, call 113 (or 911 in the U.S.).