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The global spread of malaria
Photo courtesy CDCMalaria poses a worldwide threat. Transmitted by mosquitoes, this disease impacts approximately 300 million individuals annually, leading to 1 million fatalities. Over 90% of cases are reported in African nations, where it stands as the primary cause of death for children under five. Currently, it remains a significant public health issue, endangering 2 billion people across more than 100 countries [Source: Roll Back Malaria Partnership]. The disease has resurged in regions where it was previously eradicated, driven by factors such as the parasite's growing resistance to antimalarial medications and insecticides.
Malaria is both treatable and preventable. This article explores ongoing initiatives to combat this severe illness and provides guidance on safeguarding yourself when visiting malaria-prone regions.
A collaborative effort involving international agencies, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, foundations, and research institutions is underway to prevent and manage malaria. Below are some key initiatives:
Roll Back Malaria Partnership
The Roll Back Malaria Partnership (RBMP) represents a unified global strategy to combat malaria. Established in 1998 by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, UNDP, and the World Bank, the RBMP has grown to include malaria-endemic nations, private sector entities, NGOs, community-based organizations, foundations, and academic institutions.
The RBMP aims to reduce malaria's impact by 50% by 2010. Its initiatives include securing resources for malaria prevention and treatment, advancing research for innovative tools like vaccines, and conducting advocacy campaigns to increase disease awareness. Key strategies involve indoor residual spraying (IRS) using DDT on homes and animal shelters, as well as distributing insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
President Bush's Malaria Initiative
Launched on June 30, 2005, by President George W. Bush, the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) is a five-year program targeting malaria control in 15 African nations. This government-led effort is coordinated by USAID, in collaboration with the CDC, the Department of State, the White House, and other partners.
The PMI aims to reduce malaria-related fatalities by half in its target countries, with a particular focus on children under five and pregnant women. In these regions, PMI collaborates with national malaria control programs and global partners such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the World Bank Malaria Booster Program; the Roll Back Malaria Partnership; NGOs, including faith-based and community organizations, and the private sector. PMI emphasizes four critical strategies: indoor insecticide spraying, distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, antimalarial medications, and preventive treatments for pregnant women.
Malaria No More
Malaria No More, established in 2006 by prominent NGOs, empowers individuals and nonprofit groups to contribute to a holistic approach in combating malaria. Founding partners include the American Red Cross, UNICEF, the Global Business Coalition, Millennium Promise, The Global Fund, the United Way, and the United Nations Foundation. The organization's primary focus is distributing durable, insecticide-treated bed nets.
PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative
PATH, a global nonprofit, works to help communities overcome persistent health challenges. The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, launched in 1999 with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, accelerates the development of effective malaria vaccines and ensures their accessibility in developing nations.
In the following section, we’ll explore practical steps you can take to avoid contracting malaria.
Every $10 contributed to the Malaria No More Fund helps purchase and deliver a bed net to a family in need.
Malaria: Personal Protection
While global efforts to control malaria continue, it’s essential to take personal precautions when visiting regions where the disease is prevalent: prevent mosquito bites and use antimalarial medications as a preventive measure.
Avoiding Mosquito Bites
- Apply insect repellent to exposed skin to deter mosquitoes. EPA-approved repellents include those with DEET (N,N-diethylmetatoluamide) and picaridin (KBR 3023). DEET concentrations of 30% to 50% provide protection for several hours, while picaridin, available in 7% and 15% concentrations, requires more frequent reapplication.
- DEET concentrations up to 50% are safe for adults and children over two months old. For infants under two months, use a carrier covered with mosquito netting that has an elastic edge for a secure fit.
- If using sunscreen, apply it before repellent. Wash off repellent before sleeping. Photo courtesy Amazon.com Sleeping under a mosquito net in malaria-prone areas is an effective way to reduce exposure.
- Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats to cover exposed skin.
- Use permethrin-based repellents (like Permanone) or similar products on clothing, shoes, tents, mosquito nets, and gear for added protection. While most repellents wash out after one laundering, permethrin-treated items remain effective for up to five washes.
- Note that malaria-carrying mosquitoes are most active during dawn and dusk.
- Stay in air-conditioned or well-screened accommodations, and sleep under insecticide-treated bed nets. Secure nets under mattresses and spray them with repellent if not pre-treated. Sources: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine
Preventive Antimalarial Drugs
The CDC hosts a Antimalarial Drug website offering guidance on which preventive medications to take when traveling to malaria-endemic regions. Visit the site to determine the necessary prescription drugs and consult a doctor before departure. For additional details, refer to How Malaria Drugs Work.
The CDC advises against buying antimalarial drugs outside the U.S., as they may be improperly manufactured or ineffective. Additionally, avoid counterfeit or contaminated medications. Halofantrine (sold as Halfan) should not be used due to severe heart-related risks, including fatalities.
