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Bone infections can be severe and are primarily caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as staph.
Jeannot Oslvet/Getty ImagesInfections happen when disease-causing organisms invade the body, leading to symptoms like swelling, redness, pain, and fever.
Typically, infections are associated with soft tissues, such as ear infections or infected cuts, where germs invade the body's softer areas. However, infections aren't limited to these parts. Though less common, infections can also occur within your bones.
Bone infections, or osteomyelitis, affect approximately 2 out of 10,000 people and are twice as prevalent in men [sources: Cleveland Clinic, PDRhealth]. This condition can target any bone in the body. In adults, it often affects the spine or pelvis, leading to chronic cases. In children, acute infections are more common, typically impacting long bones like those in the legs or arms, which can interfere with bone growth.
How does a bone infection occur? It can spread via the bloodstream, extend from adjacent tissues, or directly invade the bone.
Bacteria that infiltrate the body can migrate and settle in various areas. For instance, damaged heart valves may attract bacteria due to the heart's weakened ability to combat them [source: LifeBridge Health]. Imagine your body as a fortress and bacteria as invaders; they target vulnerabilities to gain a foothold.
Although bones are designed to resist infections, bacteria can sometimes breach their defenses. Infections can arise if a contaminated object pierces the bone, such as a nail through a shoe or a deep animal bite. Severe fractures where the bone breaks through the skin also create direct pathways for bacterial invasion. Bacteria can infiltrate joints, leading to arthritis or irreversible joint damage. In rare cases, chronic bone infections that drain through sinus tracts over extended periods may even result in cancer [source: LifeBridge Health].
Individuals with diabetes, sickle cell anemia, or poor circulation often have compromised blood vessels, making it easier for bacteria to overpower immune defenses. Poorly managed diabetes can lead to severe foot infections, increasing the risk of osteomyelitis. In children, osteomyelitis often stems from infections traveling through the bloodstream to the growth plates, the soft ends of bones and joints, a condition referred to as hematogenous osteomyelitis [source: PDRhealth]. Others at risk include those with AIDS, HIV, sickle cell anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, or weakened immune systems.
Bone infections can be severe, with the primary offender being the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as staph. However, other bacteria and even fungal infections can also cause these infections.
Signs of a bone infection may include:
- Fever
- Redness and swelling in the affected area
- Pain in the bone
- Nausea
- Presence of pus at the infection site
- Elevated white blood cell count, indicating an infection
While these symptoms are concerning, there are measures you can take to lower your risk.
Treating and Preventing Bone Infections
An X-ray showing osteomyelitis in a patient
BSIP/UIG via Getty ImagesPreviously deemed untreatable, osteomyelitis can now be effectively managed. Diagnostic approaches include blood tests, bone biopsies, X-rays, and bone scans. Immobilization using a splint or cast may be necessary. Initial treatment involves antibiotics, though the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant staph bacteria complicates the process. In some cases, a four- to six-week intravenous antibiotic regimen is required.
If the bone infection stems from an open wound, wound drainage or abscess removal may be necessary. Left untreated, an abscess can disrupt blood flow to the bone, potentially causing bone death.
Severe osteomyelitis cases demand more aggressive interventions. Surgery may be needed to remove infected or dead bone tissue. Skin grafts can replace infected skin with healthy tissue from another body part, and bone grafts are another option. In extreme cases, amputation of the affected limb might be unavoidable.
Patients should anticipate follow-up visits with their doctor, who may request additional lab tests and imaging scans to monitor recovery.
For individuals with weakened immune systems, bone infections can reoccur. Preventing osteomyelitis is crucial, and several preventive measures can be taken:
- Stop smoking to improve blood circulation.
- Stay current with vaccinations, including flu shots.
- Engage in regular physical activity and maintain a balanced diet (with your doctor's guidance).
- Limit alcohol consumption or avoid it altogether.
- Adhere to your doctor's advice to manage diabetes effectively.
- Avoid intravenous drug use.
If you sustain a skin-breaking injury, ensure proper care. Clean the wound thoroughly, apply a sterile bandage, and seek medical attention promptly if infection occurs or healing is delayed.
While bone infections are rare, they do occur. If you're at risk, take preventive measures and seek medical help immediately if you notice symptoms of osteomyelitis to prevent further complications.
