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Credit: FabrikaCr/Getty ImagesOur homes and bodies are teeming with countless microbes, and we’re often advised to use bleach on showerheads, opt for antimicrobial toothbrushes, and reduce our contact with these so-called harmful germs. But what if many of these bacteria and viruses aren’t as dangerous as we think?
A recent study from Northwestern University reveals that microbiologists have identified hundreds of new viruses, or bacteriophages, on showerheads and toothbrushes. While this might sound alarming, these viruses are not related to COVID-19—and some could actually be beneficial to human health. Discover what’s lurking in your bathroom and how these microbes might change your approach to cleaning.
Study Findings
Dr. Erica Hartmann, a microbiologist, initiated the virus study out of curiosity to explore microbial communities in household settings. The research focused on toothbrushes and showerheads, as these items are often found in damp environments where microbes flourish.
Using DNA sequencing on collected samples, the team identified over 600 distinct bacteriophages, with no two samples being identical. Hartmann described the vast number of viruses as “astonishing” in a press release.
Interestingly, the viral communities on toothbrushes and showerheads varied significantly, even though both are located in bathrooms. Hartmann likened each showerhead and toothbrush to a unique ecosystem, highlighting the immense diversity of viruses that scientists are only starting to uncover.
While no two samples matched, researchers observed recurring patterns, including the presence of mycobacteriophages. These viruses target mycobacteria, which are responsible for illnesses such as leprosy, tuberculosis, and chronic lung infections. The study suggests that further research could unlock the potential of these viruses to combat these serious bacterial diseases.
What Are Phages and Are They Dangerous?
Phages, such as those identified in this research, are viruses that specifically target bacterial cells rather than human cells. According to microbiologist Kathryn Kauffman, PhD, “Viruses require host cells to replicate, and bacteriophages—commonly called phages—infect and often destroy bacterial cells to multiply.”
In terms of human health, bacteriophages hold significant promise for addressing antibiotic-resistant infections. Kauffman explains, “For over a century, scientists have explored the use of phages as a medical treatment to eliminate harmful bacteria. This concept forms the foundation of 'phage therapy.’”
Kathryn Kauffman, PhD
Every individual harbors countless phages, which are a natural and essential component of a healthy microbiome.
Should You Disinfect Your Showerhead and Toothbrush?
The study authors suggest that mycobacteriophages detected on showerheads and toothbrushes might one day serve as natural “cleaners,” eliminating harmful bacteria from plumbing systems. However, researchers generally advise against aggressive cleaning practices.
Hartmann emphasized in the press release, “Microbes are omnipresent, and most pose no threat to our health. Overusing disinfectants can lead to resistance, making these microbes harder to manage.”
Kauffman echoes this perspective, stating, “Phages are an everyday part of life, and their presence is nothing to worry about. The more we study them, the better we understand their role in our environments and bodies.”
Hartmann recommends avoiding antimicrobial toothbrushes, as they can contribute to antibiotic resistance. Instead, stick to replacing your toothbrush regularly. For showerheads, she suggests using vinegar or soap and water to eliminate calcium buildup, rather than harsh chemicals like bleach.
