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Ivan Zeitz:
This outcome depends on the type of blood transfused and the blood type of the recipient.
There are three primary antigens on the surface of blood cells that can trigger allergic reactions: A, B, and O. Each antigen has two variations, resulting in the combinations OO, AO, BO, and AB. For simplicity, they are labeled as O, A, B, and AB.
Type O blood can be received by anyone, as it is considered the 'universal donor.' It is highly valued. Type A blood is compatible with A and AB recipients. Type B blood works for B and AB recipients. Type AB blood can only be accepted by other AB recipients, making AB types the 'universal recipients.'
The outcome depends on the specific circumstances:
- If someone with AB blood receives a different type, it doesn't cause any issues.
- If someone with O blood gets a different type, it could lead to a serious condition called a major hemolytic transfusion reaction.
In a major hemolytic transfusion reaction, the recipient's immune system aggressively attacks the foreign blood. This causes the cells to break apart, releasing harmful chemicals and leading to severe illness. Kidney failure can follow, beginning with reddish urine and progressing to complete shutdown. The individual may develop flu-like symptoms, go into shock, and possibly die. Without treatment, the risk of death is high, and even with treatment, it remains considerable.
This is why a blood mix-up can be a devastating mistake.
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