Buzz
Rapidly warming up cold hands and feet can cause chilblains.
Goodshoot/Jupiterimages/ThinkstockChilblains might seem like a relic of the past, akin to ailments like lumbago or rheumatism that troubled earlier generations. However, this condition remains prevalent today. Also referred to as perniosis or pernio, chilblains describe a painful skin issue caused by exposure to cold and damp environments. While exact figures in the U.S. are unavailable, in Britain, one in 10 people experiences chilblains annually [source: Maroon].
The exact cause of chilblains remains unclear to medical professionals. This condition typically arises when someone is exposed to cold, but not freezing, temperatures—ranging from 32 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit (0 to 15 Celsius) [source: NIOSH]. The cold causes small blood vessels to narrow, particularly in areas with poor circulation, such as fingers and toes (ears, nose, and cheeks can also be affected). Rapid rewarming can lead to blood leakage from these vessels, resulting in swelling, inflammation, itching, and pain: the hallmark symptoms of chilblains.
Dampness appears to play a significant role in the development of this condition. It is less prevalent in cold, arid regions compared to milder, humid climates. This could be attributed to the fact that individuals in colder areas often adopt more protective measures against the cold [source: NIOSH].
Chilblains are distinct from frostbite, a severe cold-related ailment where tissue actually freezes. They also differ from hypothermia, a dangerous drop in overall body temperature. Another related condition, trench foot, arises from extended exposure to cold water and is far more severe than chilblains, potentially leading to gangrene [source: Doerr].
Chilblains predominantly affect children and women in their younger to middle-aged years, though the exact reason remains unclear. Individuals with poor circulation are at higher risk, and the condition is more frequent in thinner individuals. Factors like smoking, coffee consumption, and the use of decongestants, which reduce skin circulation, can also contribute. A family history of chilblains increases your likelihood of developing the condition.
Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, may exacerbate chilblains, although they do not directly cause the condition [source: Newson]. Tight footwear or conditions like bunions and corns, which impair blood flow, can trigger chilblains in cold weather. The trend of wearing tight, low-rise jeans led to an increase in chilblains cases among young women during winter [source: Weismann]. Such clothing restricts circulation while exposing skin to the cold, creating ideal conditions for the ailment.
Experiencing chilblains is highly unpleasant. Symptoms typically start with itchy, burning skin a few hours after cold exposure. Blisters or sores may form, accompanied by red to purple discoloration, swelling, pain, and tenderness. Once someone has had chilblains, they are more prone to recurrence with subsequent cold exposure.
On the following page, discover effective ways to treat chilblains and, more crucially, learn how to avoid them altogether.
Treating and Preventing Chilblains
While chilblains can be highly irritating, they are generally not severe and typically resolve within one to two weeks. However, if open sores form, blisters rupture, or scratching breaks the skin, there is a risk of infection. This can lead to scarring or, in severe cases, become life-threatening if untreated [source: Mayo Clinic]. Diabetics, who often face circulation issues, should consult a doctor if chilblains develop to prevent complications.
Most individuals require no specific treatment for chilblains other than avoiding cold exposure. Calamine lotion or similar anti-itch creams can provide relief. If the skin is broken, applying an antiseptic and sterile dressing is essential. Avoid scratching or bursting blisters. While ultraviolet light exposure and corticosteroid creams have been used to manage symptoms, their effectiveness remains under debate [source: Bohman].
In some cases, doctors may prescribe nifedipine (Procardia) for chilblains. This medication helps relax and widen blood vessels, alleviating symptoms and reducing the likelihood of recurrence in susceptible individuals [source: Maroon].
The most effective strategy is to prevent chilblains from occurring in the first place. Here are some practical tips to help you avoid this condition:
- Pre-warm your hands and feet before venturing into cold environments.
- Ensure you dress warmly outdoors, even in moderately cold weather. Layering is key.
- Stay active during winter outings to maintain proper blood circulation. Avoid prolonged inactivity in cold settings.
- Don a hat and scarf, and choose gloves and socks that provide adequate warmth.
- Consider using battery-powered shoe inserts or chemical warmers for hands and toes if you're prone to chilblains.
- Limit smoking and reduce coffee intake when exposed to cold conditions.
- Steer clear of wet or damp environments.
- If you become cold, avoid direct heat sources like radiators or fires. Warm your hands and feet slowly instead.
If you experience chilblains, take extra precautions to prevent the condition from recurring.
Continue reading to explore more about chilblains and other cold-related skin issues, along with tips to avoid them.
A specific type of chilblains often affects women who ride horses in cold weather. The combination of a stationary position and thin leggings can cause a rash and a burning sensation on the thighs and legs [source: Beacham]. This condition, referred to as equestrian cold panniculitis, can be prevented by wearing insulated, warm clothing during winter rides.
