Xoloitzcuintli: The Mexican Hairless Dog, Ancient Guide to the Underworld

Known as the Mexican hairless dog, the xoloitzcuintli (pronounced "show-low-itz-QUEENT-ly," commonly shortened to "xolo") boasts a rich history spanning 3,500 years to the pre-Columbian era — a time before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in the early 1490s, leading to the conquest or transformation of indigenous cultures. Recognized as one of the oldest dog breeds by the Xoloitzcuintli Club of America, the Aztec and Mayan civilizations valued this unique, hairless dog not only for its healing properties (their furless bodies act as natural heat conductors, serving as ancient heating pads for the sick and elderly) but also as a food source (alongside turkeys, xolos were among the few domesticated animals consumed by ancient Mesoamericans).

The xolo (pronounced "sho-lo") was revered as a spiritual guide to the underworld, a role reflected in its name, which combines two Aztec words: Xolotl, the deity of lightning and death, and itzcuintli, meaning dog. In Aztec mythology, the Dog of Xolotl was believed to be created by the gods to protect the living and lead the souls of the deceased through the perils of Mictlán (the underworld).

"To this day, xolos remain a national treasure in Mexico, celebrated for their deep-rooted and esteemed history in the country," shares Nicole Ellis, a certified professional dog trainer at Rover.com, via email. "Despite their ancient lineage, xolos are still relatively uncommon in the U.S. However, their presence is gradually increasing as they have been gaining traction in recent years."

Mexican Hairless Dog Size

Today, the xolo comes in various sizes, from toy to standard, standing between 10 to 23 inches (25 to 58 centimeters) tall, and can be either hairless or coated, as explained by Ellis. "The breed typically sports dark shades like black, gray, or bronze, with occasional hues of red or bronze," she mentions. "Their expressions are often described as 'contemplative,' and their overall appearance exudes elegance with a touch of ruggedness." Continue reading to discover insights from experts about one of the world's most unique dog breeds.

They Are Faithful Companions

"Xolos possess a wonderful temperament, renowned for their loyalty and protective nature, which can sometimes lead to excessive barking," explains Lazhar Ichir, founder of Breeding Business, a global platform dedicated to educating dog breeders and enthusiasts, via email. Ellis adds, "Early socialization is crucial for this breed to ensure they develop into well-adjusted adults. Known for their intelligence, a properly trained xolo can become a disciplined and dependable house watchdog."

They're Not Recommended for Newbies

"Generally, xoloitzcuintli are not ideal for first-time dog owners," states Steffi Trott, owner and head trainer at SpiritDog Training in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in an email interview. "Their watchdog heritage makes them cautious around strangers, and without proper training, they can exhibit reactive or aggressive behavior." She also notes that they may struggle with new environments and take time to warm up to unfamiliar people. "They form strong bonds with their owners and need plenty of engagement and mental stimulation," she explains. "Within their family circle, xoloitzcuintli are incredibly affectionate and devoted."

They Are Highly Intelligent

This intelligence allows them to learn quickly, but they respond best to positive reinforcement due to their sensitive nature. "Their strong prey drive can make training challenging, especially around wildlife," says Trott. "For instance, teaching a xoloitzcuintli to resist chasing rabbits can be tough. They thrive on learning new tricks and enjoy activities like fetch and Frisbee."

They Have a High Need for Exercise

Due to their energetic nature, xolos struggle with inactivity, as Trott explains. "Despite their delicate appearance due to their hairless skin, they thrive on vigorous physical activity and perform exceptionally well in dog sports like agility. They are not a good match for owners who prefer a sedentary lifestyle and are unwilling to engage in outdoor activities with their pets."

While xolos require ample exercise, it's essential to tailor activity levels to each dog's unique needs, says Russell Hartstein, CEO of Fun Paw Care, via email. "I've encountered Golden Retrievers who showed no interest in retrieving or walking, and English bulldogs who were surprisingly active. It truly varies from one dog to another."

They Aren't Exactly Maintenance-free

Beyond a consistent exercise routine — which includes extended walks and ample playtime — Ichir suggests bathing xolos every few weeks and using grooming wipes to clean areas like their paws and stomach between baths. Ellis adds that some owners apply coconut butter to prevent dry skin, while lighter or reddish xolos may require sunscreen before prolonged sun exposure.

"Xolos are typically very healthy, with a lifespan ranging from 12 to 15 years, but they are sensitive to cold and should never be left outside in rain or chilly weather," explains Trott. "During winter, they often need to wear one or even two sweaters to stay warm."

As expected, the hairless Mexican dog does not shed, according to Ichir. "This makes the breed an excellent choice for those seeking a hypoallergenic dog," he says, "similar to the Chinese crested dog, which is also predominantly hairless." He adds, "Individuals with pet allergies typically experience minimal issues with a xolo."

They Don't Come Cheap

"In Mexico, a xolo can cost around $750, but in the U.S., prices typically range from $1,500 to $3,000," says Ichir. "At this price, the puppy should include proper documentation and American Kennel Club (AKC) registration." But where can you find one? "You can locate breeders across the U.S. (via the AKC's website), through xoloitzcuintli-specific rescues, or directly from breeders in Mexico, where they are more common," says Ellis. Ichir adds, "While there are breeders in some U.S. states, opting for a Mexican breeder may offer greater authenticity."

The best way to find a well-bred xoloitzcuintli? "Through a breeder registry like the AKC," advises Trott. "Given their rarity, be prepared to travel, possibly by plane, to pick up your puppy."

"While rescues are an option for all breeds, they are less common for xolos," notes Ellis. "Breed-specific rescues for xolos do exist, and you can search for them on Pet Finder. Additionally, contacting breeders to inquire about dogs needing rehoming is another viable option." Ichir adds that although some xolos may be found in rescues nationwide, the nonprofit Xoloitzcuintli Primitive Breed Rescue is a more reliable resource.