Top 10 Analytical Essays on "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" by Ngô Gia Văn Phái

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" is a work authored by members of the Ngô Thì family, primarily attributed to Ngô Thì Chí and Ngô Thì Du, who wrote during consecutive periods. Ngô Thì Chí (1758–1788), the younger brother of the renowned Ngô Thì Nhậm, served under King Lê Chiêu Thống and fled with him when Nguyễn Huệ sent Vũ Văn Nhậm to the North to eliminate the usurper Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh. He later died suddenly while recruiting troops in Lạng Sơn. Ngô Thì Du (1772–1840), a relative of Ngô Thì Chí, lived in obscurity during the Tây Sơn era but later served under the Nguyễn dynasty. He is credited with writing the latter parts of the work, including the 14th chapter, which is widely studied.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" chronicles the events of the Lê dynasty, particularly during the Tây Sơn uprising, which restored power to the Lê kings. Despite its Chinese-influenced narrative style, the work remains historically accurate, depicting the decline of the Lê kings, the rise of the Tây Sơn, and the eventual fall of the dynasty. The authors vividly portray the heroic figure of Nguyễn Huệ, his swift victory over the Qing army, and the tragic fate of Lê Chiêu Thống.

The 14th chapter details the Qing invasion led by Tôn Sĩ Nghị, who underestimated the Tây Sơn forces. The Qing army, initially overconfident, was swiftly defeated by Nguyễn Huệ’s strategic brilliance. The chapter also highlights the incompetence and cowardice of Lê Chiêu Thống, who sought refuge with the Qing but was ultimately abandoned.

Nguyễn Huệ is depicted as a decisive and visionary leader, rallying his troops and securing their loyalty through his charisma and strategic acumen. His rapid mobilization and innovative tactics, such as using straw-covered shields to neutralize enemy fire, led to a resounding victory. The Qing forces, despite their numerical advantage, were routed in a humiliating retreat.

The authors, though loyal to the Lê dynasty, portray Nguyễn Huệ with admiration, highlighting his military genius and dedication to the nation. The work stands as a monumental achievement in Vietnamese literature, offering a vivid and authentic account of a turbulent period in the nation’s history.

In Vietnamese medieval literature, the work "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" by the Ngô Gia Văn Phái stands out as a masterpiece of the historical chronicle genre. This work not only exemplifies the genre but also vividly portrays the heroism of Nguyễn Huệ, the tragic downfall of Lê Chiêu Thống, and the humiliating defeat of the Qing army. These themes are prominently reflected in the 14th chapter of the work.

Written in the "chí" style—a form of historical chronicle blending literature and history—the work is essentially a historical novel structured in chapters. It comprises 17 chapters, with the first seven authored by Ngô Thì Chí, the next seven by Ngô Thì Du, and the final three by others. The narrative spans the late Lê dynasty to the early Nguyễn dynasty, capturing the unification of the country during the Tây Sơn era.

The excerpt, Chapter 14, recounts the battle of Ngọc Hồi, where the Qing forces were decisively defeated, leading to their retreat from Thăng Long and the escape of Lê Chiêu Thống. The text celebrates the glorious victory of Quang Trung and the Tây Sơn army while depicting the humiliating defeat of the Qing forces and the treacherous Lê Chiêu Thống faction.

The chapter opens with the portrayal of Nguyễn Huệ, whose exceptional talent and valor are highlighted. Described as a seasoned and fearless leader, Nguyễn Huệ’s strategic brilliance is evident. Upon hearing of the Qing invasion, he is enraged and prepares to march against the enemy. Following the advice of his generals, he ascends the throne as Quang Trung, solidifying his authority before leading his troops into battle.

Nguyễn Huệ’s military genius is showcased in his rapid march to Thăng Long. Seizing the opportunity during the Lunar New Year festivities, when the enemy was distracted, he swiftly mobilizes his forces. Along the way, he recruits soldiers, demonstrating his ability to inspire and unite people. His speech to his troops, filled with patriotic fervor, echoes the famous exhortations of historical heroes like Trần Quốc Tuấn, further solidifying his leadership.

Nguyễn Huệ’s strategic acumen is also evident in his delegation of responsibilities. Recognizing the limitations of some of his generals, he entrusts Ngô Thì Nhậm, a brilliant strategist, with critical tasks. This decision proves wise, as Ngô Thì Nhậm’s tactics minimize losses and outmaneuver the enemy. Additionally, Nguyễn Huệ’s foresight in planning post-victory diplomacy underscores his visionary leadership.

The climax of the chapter depicts Quang Trung in battle, exuding majesty and determination as he leads his troops to victory. The authors of Ngô Gia Văn Phái, with their admiration for Quang Trung, vividly capture his heroic image, blending narrative and description to highlight his greatness.

In stark contrast to Quang Trung’s heroism is the cowardice of Lê Chiêu Thống and his loyalists, who betray their nation for personal gain. Their tragic fate, fleeing to a foreign land and dying in exile, serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of treachery.

The Qing invaders, led by the arrogant Tôn Sĩ Nghị, are portrayed as overconfident and unprepared. Their swift and chaotic retreat, described with rapid and intense prose, reflects their utter defeat and the authors’ triumphant tone.

Through a genuine historical perspective, the Ngô Gia Văn Phái presents a vivid and authentic account of Quang Trung’s heroism, the downfall of Lê Chiêu Thống, and the Qing army’s humiliation. The narrative, told with a dynamic and engaging tone, showcases the authors’ masterful storytelling.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" is a historical chronicle by members of the Ngô Gia Văn Phái, capturing a tumultuous period from the rise of Trịnh Sâm to Gia Long's conquest of the North (1868-1802). The work vividly portrays events such as the rebellion of the arrogant soldiers, the fall of the Lê-Trịnh dynasty, Nguyễn Huệ's victory over the Qing army, and Gia Long's overthrow of the Tây Sơn dynasty.

The collapse of the Lê-Trịnh dynasty and the meteoric rise of the Tây Sơn peasant movement are central themes. Chapter 14, in particular, highlights the nation's resilience against internal and external threats, immortalizing the hero Nguyễn Huệ and his legendary victory at Đống Đa.

The narrative transports readers to the historic moments of late 1788 and early 1789, when Lê Chiêu Thống invited 290,000 Qing troops led by Tôn Sĩ Nghị to invade Vietnam. The chapter begins with the lines:

"At Ngọc Hồi, the Qing army was defeated,
Abandoning Thăng Long, Chiêu Thống fled."

Nguyễn Huệ, the savior of the nation, emerged as the hero. On November 22, 1788, Tôn Sĩ Nghị captured Thăng Long, forcing Ngô Văn Sở to retreat to Tam Điệp. By November 24, Nguyễn Huệ received the urgent news and, on November 25, proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung. He swiftly led his troops north, recruiting 10,000 elite soldiers in Nghệ An.

Quang Trung's strategic brilliance was evident in his rapid mobilization and decisive actions. He organized his forces into five divisions, celebrated the Lunar New Year early, and launched a surprise attack on the Qing army, vowing to reclaim Thăng Long by the seventh day of the new year.

Quang Trung's leadership was marked by foresight, ingenuity, and an unyielding spirit. His actions, from ascending the throne to rallying his troops, showcased his military genius. The authors of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" vividly depict his extraordinary character, describing him as a seasoned and fearless leader whose presence alone could strike terror into his enemies.

Nguyễn Huệ's tactical prowess was unmatched. He captured Qing scouts at Phú Xuyên, used psychological warfare to intimidate the enemy at Hà Hồi, and devised innovative strategies, such as using straw-covered shields to neutralize Qing firepower. His forces stormed Ngọc Hồi, leading to the suicide of Sầm Nghi Đống and the annihilation of thousands of Qing soldiers.

By midday on the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, Quang Trung liberated Thăng Long, two days ahead of schedule. His unwavering belief in his troops and the nation's fighting spirit ensured this historic victory. The Battle of Đống Đa in 1789 cemented Nguyễn Huệ's legacy as a national hero.

The authors, though loyal to the Lê dynasty, stood on the side of the nation, crafting a magnificent tribute to Nguyễn Huệ. Princess Ngọc Hân later mourned Quang Trung's death, praising his contributions to the nation:

"In simple clothes and a red banner,
He helped the people build the nation with countless achievements."

Through contrasting portrayals, the authors highlight the Qing invaders' humiliating defeat and the tragic fate of the traitorous Lê Chiêu Thống. Tôn Sĩ Nghị, initially arrogant and overconfident, fled in disgrace as his forces crumbled under Quang Trung's relentless assault. The Qing soldiers, terrified and disorganized, drowned in the Nhị Hà River as they attempted to escape.

The traitors, including Lê Chiêu Thống, met a similarly ignominious end. Fleeing in panic, they resorted to theft and deceit, their actions reflecting their moral bankruptcy. Tôn Sĩ Nghị, though humiliated, continued to boast, while Lê Chiêu Thống begged for mercy, further exposing his cowardice.

The chapter masterfully employs satire and vivid detail to condemn the invaders and traitors, while celebrating Vietnam's heroic tradition. The authors' storytelling and character portrayals, particularly of Nguyễn Huệ, Lê Chiêu Thống, and Tôn Sĩ Nghị, are both historically accurate and artistically compelling, making "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" a literary and historical masterpiece.

The Ngô Gia Văn Phái, a group of authors from the Ngô Thì family, is best known for their masterpiece "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí," a renowned historical chronicle. The work encapsulates a turbulent period from the reign of Trịnh Sâm to Gia Long's conquest of the North.

Chapter 14 vividly portrays the resilience and strength of the nation against internal and external threats, highlighting the heroic achievements of Nguyễn Huệ. In late 1788 and early 1789, Lê Chiêu Thống invited 290,000 Qing troops led by Tôn Sĩ Nghị to invade Vietnam. By November 22, Tôn Sĩ Nghị had captured Thăng Long, forcing Ngô Văn Sở to retreat to Tam Điệp.

In this critical moment, Nguyễn Huệ emerged as a national hero. On November 25, he proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung, offering sacrifices to heaven and earth before leading his troops north. He recruited elite soldiers with a strong patriotic spirit to defend the nation.

By January 30, Nguyễn Huệ hosted a feast for his troops, planning to enter Thăng Long by the seventh day of the Lunar New Year to celebrate victory. His decisive actions and strategic foresight demonstrated his exceptional leadership and military genius. He anticipated every move of the enemy, earning him the reputation of a tactical mastermind.

In battle, Quang Trung - Nguyễn Huệ stood as a towering, majestic figure. The Qing troops fled in disarray at the mere sight of him. At Hà Hồi, his forces surrounded the village, using psychological tactics to force the enemy to surrender. On the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, Quang Trung's innovative strategy of using straw-covered shields allowed his troops to storm Ngọc Hồi, resulting in a decisive victory.

Despite the Qing army's attempts to counterattack with smoke cannons, their efforts backfired. Quang Trung's troops advanced relentlessly, cutting down the enemy with short swords. The battle ended with "Qing corpses piled high, blood flowing like streams, and the Qing army utterly defeated."

Quang Trung rode an elephant into Thăng Long at noon on the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, liberating the nation. The Qing troops, caught off guard while celebrating, suffered a humiliating defeat. The vivid descriptions of their chaotic retreat underscore their catastrophic failure, while Quang Trung's forces appeared invincible, as if "generals descended from heaven and soldiers emerged from the earth."

The Ngô Gia Văn Phái masterfully depicted the Qing army's disgraceful defeat. Tôn Sĩ Nghị fled in terror, while Sầm Nghi Đống committed suicide. The Qing soldiers, panicked and disorganized, trampled each other in their rush to escape. Lê Chiêu Thống also fled, resorting to stealing a boat to save himself.

Chapter 14 of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" is a remarkable and dynamic excerpt, rich in artistic highlights that enhance the narrative. The varying pace of the storytelling immerses readers in the heroic resistance led by Quang Trung - Nguyễn Huệ.

The portrayal of characters is equally striking. The treacherous Lê Chiêu Thống and the Qing invaders meet a pitiful end, while Nguyễn Huệ stands as a symbol of courage and resilience.

This chapter reveals the cruel ambitions of the invaders and celebrates the unity of the nation and the extraordinary leadership of Quang Trung - Nguyễn Huệ.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" is a literary work written in the chapter-based style, rich in historical value. It vividly reflects the turbulent social conditions in Vietnam during the last three decades of the 18th century and the early years of the 19th century.

In this work, the authors of the Ngô Gia Văn Phái meticulously constructed the narrative and vividly portrayed historical figures, particularly the hero Quang Trung Nguyễn Huệ. Chapter 14 of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" highlights Nguyễn Huệ as a brilliant strategist and exceptional military leader.

Nguyễn Huệ is depicted as a decisive and courageous hero. Upon learning of the Qing invasion and the occupation of Thăng Long, he immediately declared himself emperor, offered sacrifices to heaven and earth, and led his troops north to repel the invaders. His swift actions demonstrate his unwavering resolve in matters of national importance.

Before marching north, Nguyễn Huệ consulted Nguyễn Thiếp, the La Sơn scholar, to discuss strategies. This shows that despite his bravery and intelligence, Nguyễn Huệ valued the opinions of wise advisors, proving himself a wise and capable ruler.

Aware of the overwhelming number of Qing troops—290,000 soldiers—Nguyễn Huệ focused on recruiting and training his forces. He organized his army into four divisions and devised a detailed battle plan, showcasing his strategic brilliance.

Nguyễn Huệ’s ability to inspire his troops was remarkable. He invoked Vietnam’s proud history of resistance against invaders, from the Trưng Sisters to Lê Lợi, to rally his soldiers. His eloquent and logical arguments boosted morale and fostered unity among his troops.

As a commander, Nguyễn Huệ emphasized discipline, strictly punishing traitors and those who wavered in their loyalty. His strategic genius was evident in his innovative tactics, such as using straw-covered shields to neutralize enemy fire and employing psychological warfare to demoralize the Qing forces.

Nguyễn Huệ’s leadership and ingenuity are vividly portrayed by the Ngô Gia Văn Phái, who, despite their loyalty to the Lê dynasty, praised Quang Trung from a nationalistic perspective. This adds significant value to the work, highlighting Nguyễn Huệ’s legacy as a national hero.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" by Ngô gia văn phái showcases a profound sense of patriotism and national pride, often overshadowing any bias towards the Lê dynasty. This results in remarkably authentic and compelling narratives.

The assertion that "A writer is the faithful scribe of their era" likely refers to the vivid and truthful portrayals that capture the essence of the writer's time. This brings to mind the Vietnamese masterpiece "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" by Ngô gia văn phái, celebrated for its authenticity and excellence. Some argue that the work's patriotic fervor and national pride frequently eclipse any partiality towards the Lê dynasty, yielding truly remarkable writing.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" reflects the late 18th-century historical period in Vietnam, marked by the decline of the Lê-Trịnh court and successive peasant uprisings, notably the Tây Sơn movement led by the Nguyễn brothers. The Ngô gia văn phái, a collective of Ngô Thì family authors, were officials of the Lê-Trịnh court.

Chapter fourteen vividly recounts Quang Trung – Nguyễn Huệ's triumphant victory in the spring of Kỉ Dậu and the humiliating defeat of Lê Chiêu Thống and the invading Qing forces. Despite their allegiance to the court, the Ngô authors transcended political biases, offering a progressive view of this historic event.

They depicted the uprising with historical objectivity, portraying Quang Trung as an extraordinary leader while highlighting the folly and pitiful state of Chiêu Thống and Tôn Sĩ Nghị. The authenticity of history and the vividness of the Ngô authors' writing create a narrative that is both real and captivating.

In the excerpt, the national hero Quang Trung emerges as a figure of immense beauty and extraordinary strength. His decisive actions and profound wisdom are evident when he learns of the enemy's advance to Thăng Long. Within a month, from November 24 to December 30, he accomplished numerous tasks.

He performed rituals to heaven and earth, ascended the throne to win the people's hearts, and led his troops northward. Along the way, he recruited soldiers and conducted a grand military review in Nghệ An, demonstrating his strategic brilliance. His speech to the troops was deeply moving:

"Fight to keep our hair long

Fight to keep our teeth black

Fight so they cannot turn the wheel of fortune

Fight so they cannot return in their armor

Fight so history knows the Southern nation has its heroes..."

These words affirmed our national sovereignty and condemned the invaders' unjust actions, rallying the troops with a concise yet profound call to arms. Shortly after, he strategized with his generals, showcasing his wisdom in judgment and personnel management.

Quang Trung – Nguyễn Huệ also demonstrated an indomitable will and far-sighted vision. Despite just starting his campaign, he confidently declared, "The strategy is set... we will drive out the Qing in ten days." He even planned post-war diplomacy with a nation ten times larger, aiming to secure peace and rebuild our forces. This underscores his military genius and strategic acumen, rare among feudal generals in Vietnamese history.

In battle, the king exhibited divine military prowess. He orchestrated a rapid march: departing Huế on December 25, reaching Nghệ An (350km through mountains) by the 29th, organizing troops and reviewing them in a day, then advancing to Tam Điệp (150km) by the 30th, and finally heading to Thăng Long. Remarkably, all movements were on foot! From Tam Điệp onward (150km), they fought while marching.

By the 5th day of the Lunar New Year, they entered Thăng Long (two days ahead of Quang Trung's planned schedule of the 7th). Despite the continuous march, the troops remained orderly, a testament to Quang Trung's exceptional leadership.

In the battle against the Qing, the king appeared majestic and formidable. He personally led the troops, acting as the true commander-in-chief, planning strategies, organizing military operations, and braving the battlefield.

Under the brilliant leadership of this peasant-clad commander, the Tây Sơn army achieved a glorious victory: capturing spies in Phú Xuyên to maintain secrecy, surrounding Hà Hồi village to intimidate the enemy into surrender, and storming Ngọc Hồi fort using straw-wrapped planks to counter enemy fire. The army's momentum terrified the enemy.

In portraying Quang Trung – Nguyễn Huệ, the authors respected historical truth and national consciousness. Despite their affection for the Lê dynasty, they could not ignore the fact that Lê Chiêu Thống had betrayed his country. Quang Trung's glorious victory is a source of immense national pride. Additionally, the authors vividly depicted the traitors and invaders.

Tôn Sĩ Nghị and Sầm Nghi Đống, caught off guard and dismissive of the Tây Sơn forces as mere "grass bandits," met tragic ends: Nghị fled after cutting his beard, and Nghi Đống hanged himself. The soldiers trampled each other in their frantic retreat. The treacherous Lê Chiêu Thống and his court shared a similarly humiliating fate, with the king dying in exile in the north.

This passage realistically portrays the pitiful state of Lê Chiêu Thống, with the author subtly expressing the emotions of a former Lê loyalist through poignant descriptions and the care shown by local officials.

Chapter fourteen of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" by Ngô gia văn phái, along with the entire work, stands as a genuine and dynamic historical narrative. The authors not only succeeded in their role as "scribes of their era" but also left a lasting mark on the nation's literary history with their talent and moral integrity.

Now, in simple attire and a peach-colored flag,

He aids the people in building the nation, achieving countless feats.

These lines from Princess Ngọc Hân's lament for her husband in "Ai Tư Vãn" do not reflect the perspective of the author of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí." In the fourteenth chapter, the portrayal of Nguyễn Huệ emerges through a different lens, one tinged with sympathy for the Lê dynasty.

This character exists in a realm of artistic space, a consciousness that runs counter to the mainstream. The unconventional nature of Nguyễn Huệ is not intended for glorification, yet through each word and line, the image of the peasant-clad hero gradually rises, towering and undeniable. When the monument is complete, even the writer is taken aback—a rare occurrence in our nation's literature.

Chapter fourteen begins with the despicable act of Lê Chiêu Thống, "carrying a snake to bite his own chicken." Tôn Sĩ Nghị, along with two hundred thousand Qing troops, invades to fulfill the Lê king's anti-people, anti-nation agenda, under the guise of aiding a smaller nation. Yet, their true motives remain shrouded in mystery.

"Judging by the tone of their proclamation, the demands they impose are severe, while they linger by the riverbank, using empty threats to intimidate." Why did Tôn Sĩ Nghị not act? This passive stance contrasts sharply with the urgency of their initial march. From the border straight to Thăng Long, the Qing army advanced eagerly, day and night, through forests and mountains. Yet, upon reaching the capital, they halted abruptly. Why?

The insincerity of Tôn Sĩ Nghị in supporting the Lê was foreseen by a courtier: "They are merely guests, here to assess the situation's difficulty before deciding their next move." Thus, Nguyễn Huệ's true adversaries were not just traitors but invaders. Traitors are despicable but lack strength, while invaders possess not only numbers but also dangerous ambitions. In war, victory favors the strong.

Nguyễn Huệ's strength, as a commander, is illuminated from multiple angles. Even a former courtier from Trường Yên remarked: "Nguyễn Huệ is a seasoned hero, brave and skilled in warfare. His movements between the North and South are ghostly, unpredictable." This observation rings true. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh and Vũ Văn Nhậm, who overstepped their bounds, were swiftly dealt with by Nguyễn Huệ.

But his method of punishment—"capturing Hữu Chỉnh like a child, executing Văn Nhậm like a pig"—is unprecedented in our history. The efficiency and immediacy of his actions are lightning-fast, his authority thunderous, leaving no one daring to meet his gaze. This portrait is indeed legendary, a shooting star, yet not isolated.

It is rooted in tradition, in deep-seated values. Nguyễn Huệ acted as his ancestors did in the face of invasion: "unwilling to sit idly by as they commit atrocities." In this context, Nguyễn Huệ's heart and mind align with those of his forebears. The banner of righteousness guided his rapid march, and the hearts of the people widened the path.

Nguyễn Huệ's genuine and humble understanding allowed him to temper his rage. Upon receiving urgent news from Nguyễn Văn Thuyết in Tam Điệp, Bắc Bình Vương was furious and ready to lead his troops immediately. Yet, heeding his generals' advice, he accepted their loyalty and ascended the throne. When Sở and Lân arrived in Tam Điệp, bearing swords to confess their crimes, the new king understood the gravity of their offenses.

By military law, "a defeated general must be executed." But no law can override the will of the people. Sở and Lân's hearts were not as they seemed, and their strategy was Ngô Thì Nhậm's. Instead of punishment, they were praised. Such insight and trust in others are rare among military leaders. It is no coincidence that Nguyễn Huệ, like Lê Lợi before him, rallied forces under the fluttering bamboo banner (Bình Ngô đại cáo).

Nguyễn Huệ's general, Hám Hổ Hầu, recruited soldiers in Nghệ An, selecting one from every three able-bodied men. In no time, he gathered over ten thousand elite troops. King Quang Trung's confidence rested on this foundation of popular support. Whether speaking to others or himself during his meeting with Sở and Lân in Tam Điệp, he declared: "This time, I will personally lead the troops. The strategy is set. Within ten days, we will drive out the Qing."

With such heart and mind, a strategist must possess authority, and the soul of authority is courage. As we know, Tôn Sĩ Nghị's determination was to reach Nguyễn Huệ's stronghold in Phú Xuân, aiming to "capture every last rebel, leaving none to escape," and boasting, "The people of the South will come to witness." Yet, Nguyễn Huệ needed only one battle to defeat and expel them. Tôn Sĩ Nghị marched south, Nguyễn Huệ north, both campaigns timed to the Lunar New Year's pole-lowering ceremony.

For Nguyễn Huệ, facing an uneven battle (the enemy outnumbered him greatly), he dared to promise his generals, "By the seventh day of the New Year, we will feast in Thăng Long." This demonstrates his unwavering resolve to defeat the invaders. Indeed, following his march from Tam Điệp, one understands the meaning of lightning speed. His forces, divided into five routes, primarily infantry, moved swiftly.

Without horses, relying on a few elephants, including the one King Quang Trung rode, the army marched on foot. From Nghệ An, the king ordered, "All troops must march in strict formation." Thus, "march" here means on foot. They fought as they moved. By the 30th of the twelfth lunar month (1788), they were still in Tam Điệp; by the third day of the first lunar month (1789), they reached Hà Hồi, crossing the Gián Khẩu and Thanh Quyết rivers. Over a hundred kilometers covered in three days.

Maintaining this pace, by dawn on the fifth day, the army arrived at Ngọc Hồi fort, overcoming significant resistance under the command of Thái thú Điển Châu, Sầm Nghi Đống. That same day, they advanced to Thăng Long. As if fulfilling King Quang Trung's promise: "Remember my words, do not think I boast!"

In the history of Vietnam's resistance against invaders, two similar statements stand out. Trần Hưng Đạo's reply to King Trần, "This year, the enemy's strategy is lax," and Nguyễn Huệ's declaration above. Alongside this unparalleled march, King Quang Trung's tactics were divinely unpredictable, beyond any textbook. He employed encirclement, division, and surprise, leaving the enemy no time to react.

At the Thanh Quyết River, why did Quang Trung pursue the Qing scouts relentlessly? Their numbers were insignificant. The key was ensuring that Tôn Sĩ Nghị could not prepare for the larger battles ahead. Surprise guaranteed half the victory. Thus, at Hà Hồi fort, only when Quang Trung's loudspeakers called out did the enemy realize their predicament. Caught off guard, "they trembled in fear, surrendered, and all supplies and weapons fell into Southern hands."

Ultimately, victory in war depends on two factors: strategy and strength. "Strength" relates to "momentum," and the Tây Sơn army's momentum created strength. Quang Trung maximized these central elements. Surprise was one aspect of momentum—surprise in timing and location of attack, as well as in tactics. Even if the enemy knew the timing, without understanding the method, they could not prepare. Thus, Hà Hồi fell quickly and effortlessly. Without firing a single arrow, the enemy surrendered themselves. This was thanks to strategy. Only a plan reaching the level of art could achieve both glorious victory and preservation of strength.

But at Ngọc Hồi, the gateway to Thăng Long, the tactics used at Hà Hồi were no longer applicable. To overwhelm the enemy from the start, a different approach was needed to neutralize their counterattack. Quang Trung used straw and planks—simple yet ingenious shields—allowing his troops to advance in a straight line. This clever tactic rendered the enemy's arrows useless. When the Qing tried smoke screens to disorient the Southern troops, the wind suddenly shifted, turning their own weapon against them. Frustrated and helpless, Sầm Nghi Đống hanged himself.

Nguyễn Trãi's summary in "Bình Ngô đại cáo," "One battle cleans the seas of monsters, two scatter the birds and beasts," was inherited by Quang Trung in his era. To achieve absolute, decisive victory, annihilating the enemy's forces and breaking their will, especially at a crucial location like Ngọc Hồi, Quang Trung coordinated frontal attacks with flanking maneuvers. The enemy, though not as small as at Hà Hồi, felt trapped in an inescapable net. The retreating troops were in utter chaos.

Fleeing toward Yên Duyên embankment, they encountered Quang Trung's forces with drums and flags. Turning to Vịnh Kiều, they were blocked by Quang Trung's elephants from Đại Áng. What greater humiliation than being driven into Đầm Mực, where "Tây Sơn troops herded elephants to trample them, killing tens of thousands."

Maintaining this momentum, the Tây Sơn army marched straight into Thăng Long. Interestingly, Quang Trung's battles grew in scale like a swirling storm, intensifying as they breached each outer gate, advancing to the headquarters without significant resistance.

Whether facing Sầm Nghi Đống or Tôn Sĩ Nghị, whether at Hà Hồi, Ngọc Hồi, or Thăng Long, the invaders were uniformly terrified, frantic, and powerless. Sầm Nghi Đống's suicide was inevitable; Tôn Sĩ Nghị, "frightened out of his wits," could not react. Thus, "horses unbridled, men unarmored," they fled northward.

This small but significant detail underscores a profound truth. Just days earlier, two hundred thousand Qing troops had marched south, intent on conquering our land, brimming with arrogance. Now, not a single piece of armor remained, let alone the traitorous Lê Chiêu Thống. His pitiful, cowardly character is vividly depicted, as in the tearful farewell to Tôn Sĩ Nghị at the northern border—both tragic and laughable. Thus, the sketch of Quang Trung is completed with its final strokes.

This unparalleled monument in our literary history stands tall under the clear sky, still reeking of gunpowder from the capital. In the victor's arch, King Quang Trung symbolizes all that is Vietnamese—our morality, wisdom, and strength. Perhaps this image partly lives on in Nguyễn Du's dream, transforming a wild hero from Thanh Tâm Tài Nhân's "Kim Vân Kiều truyện" into a reincarnated hero—Từ Hải in "Truyện Kiều."

Returning to the perspective of the author of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí," the overall view is objective. The character of Quang Trung is thus illuminated by a certain light. However, alongside this, there are idealistic elements beyond the understanding of historical laws and human life. For instance, when recounting events or characters' thoughts, the author often mentions "heaven's will." Heaven's will is divine law, fate that humans cannot defy. Describing the battle at Ngọc Hồi, the Qing initiated fire attacks.

This countermeasure was not without effect, as the planners had the advantage of invisibility. Yet, suddenly, the wind shifted. This was a manifestation of heaven's will. Then, when Quang Trung marched into Thăng Long, Tôn Sĩ Nghị was unaware. "Little did they know, the feast was not over, heaven's will had changed." Aligning with "divine law" is righteous, while opposing it, like Tôn Sĩ Nghị and Lê Chiêu Thống, leads to inevitable failure.

Lê Chiêu Thống himself admitted his helplessness before this divine will when he bid farewell to Tôn Sĩ Nghị: "I lack talent, unable to protect the nation. Grateful for your aid under the emperor's command, yet heaven does not favor small nations. Now you depart. I wish you safe return to the court." Yet, within this idealism lies not just negativity. The positive ascends, replacing the old, sunshine replacing rain. Objectively, this aligns with the people's hearts.

The notable progress here lies in this very point, where life imbues literature with new artistic truths, free from prejudice or imposition.

The tale of King Quang Trung's monumental victory over the Qing army is widely known among the Vietnamese people today. Names like Hanoi, Ngoc Hoi, Khuong Thuong, and Dong Da are deeply cherished and evoke pride. However, not everyone is aware that much of what is celebrated about this heroic feat isn't directly sourced from official history.

Few realize that the common understanding of the Qing army's defeat is largely derived from a novel, 'Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi,' penned by the Ngo family in Ta Thanh Oai village (now part of Hanoi, not Ha Tay as often misrecorded). To truly immerse oneself in the triumphant atmosphere of those days, one should revisit the fourteenth chapter of this historical novel by the Ngo literary clan.

Interestingly, the author of 'Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi' didn't intend the fourteenth chapter to glorify Quang Trung's victory. Skeptics should note the opening couplet, where the author, following the tradition of chapter-based novels, summarizes the chapter's content: 'At Ngoc Hoi, the Qing army was defeated; In Thang Long, Chieu Thong fled.' Clearly, the narrative focuses on King Le, viewed from his perspective, aligning with the 'Unification of the Le Dynasty' spirit. In this excerpt, when 'king' is mentioned, it refers to Le Chieu Thong, and 'righteous army' denotes the Le dynasty's forces, while the Tay Son rebels are merely called 'soldiers,' devoid of any righteous connotation.

Towards the end, the author details a meeting between Le's mother and son with a local notable in Hoa Lac. This isn't a comedic setup but a portrayal of loyal devotion, even in the king's dire straits. The scene, filled with tears, hasty hospitality, and secret escape routes, underscores the lingering loyalty to the declining dynasty.

Politically, the author of 'Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi' opposed the Tay Son uprising. Yet, the Ngo family's literary integrity prevailed over political bias, ensuring the narrative's truthfulness and artistic value.

Unwittingly, the author might have penned a verdict on the very regime they revered. The narrative subtly suggests that the Le dynasty's historical fate was concluding, with the Tay Son rebels rightfully claiming their heroic victory.

This fascinating truth enriches our appreciation of 'Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi.' The author, an artist at heart, couldn't present the truth simplistically. The story begins with the Qing invaders portrayed as formidable, yet their overconfidence sowed seeds of doubt. Ancient wisdom warned that extremes lead to change, and the Qing army's arrogance hinted at their impending downfall.

The narrative vividly contrasts the disciplined Tay Son forces with the complacent Qing army. While the Qing indulged in leisure, the Tay Son prepared rigorously, leading to a swift and decisive campaign that reshaped Vietnam's history.

Through 'Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi,' we witness a literary masterpiece capturing the essence of a historic victory, immortalizing the Tay Son rebels' heroism and the Le dynasty's decline.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" by the Ngô gia văn phái has long been regarded as a uniquely significant historical text, serving as a precious resource for Vietnamese historians. Beyond its value as a conventional historical record, the work also boasts exceptional literary merit, standing as a prime example of historical fiction written in the chapter-based style. The entire work comprises seventeen chapters.

It presents a lengthy series of historical events, filled with dramatic ups and downs, intense struggles, sorrow, bloodshed, and tears from the final thirty years of the 18th century to the early 19th century in Vietnam's feudal dynasties. The narrative spans from the rise of Trịnh Sâm to the fall of the Tây Sơn dynasty and the establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty under Gia Long. Among the chapters, the fourteenth, titled "The Battle of Ngọc Hồi: The Qing Army's Defeat and the Flight of Lê Chiêu Thống," stands out as one of the most compelling sections of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí." The author vividly portrays the national hero Nguyễn Huệ through his swift victory over the Qing army and realistically depicts the Qing forces' crushing defeat and the tragic fate of Lê Chiêu Thống and his court.

Through the author's pen, readers are transported back to a painful period in the nation's history. In late 1788 and early 1789, Lê Chiêu Thống invited 290,000 Qing troops, led by Tôn Sĩ Nghị, to invade Vietnam. On November 22, Tôn Sĩ Nghị captured Thăng Long, forcing General Ngô Văn Sở to retreat to Tam Điệp for defense.

Facing a critical moment in Vietnam's history, Nguyễn Huệ emerged as a shining savior. Upon receiving the news, he was furious and prepared to lead his troops immediately. In just over a month, Nguyễn Huệ accomplished numerous feats: he ascended the throne on the 25th, performed rituals to heaven and earth, and then led his army north. By the 29th, he reached Nghệ An, recruited over 10,000 elite soldiers, and delivered a rousing speech condemning the invaders' cruelty and rallying his troops to unite for a great cause.

His speech resonated like thunder, echoing the nation's heroic traditions and igniting patriotic fervor. Nguyễn Huệ also meticulously planned the campaign, dividing his forces into five divisions and vowing to expel the Qing within ten days. On the 30th of the lunar month, he held a grand feast for his troops, promising to celebrate in Thăng Long by the seventh day of the new year.

Through these actions, Quang Trung - Nguyễn Huệ emerges as a decisive, intelligent leader with a clear vision for both military strategy and diplomacy. The author uses the words of a former palace maid to highlight Nguyễn Huệ's extraordinary heroism even before the Battle of Ngọc Hồi: "Nguyễn Huệ is a seasoned hero, brave and skilled in warfare. His movements between the north and south are as unpredictable as a ghost's. He captures Hữu Chỉnh like a child and kills Văn Nhậm like slaughtering a pig. His mere glance strikes fear into all."

This assessment is well-founded, as demonstrated by the king's direct command during the campaign. In battle, Quang Trung appears majestic and brilliant, outmaneuvering his enemies at every turn. His forces advance relentlessly, destroying the enemy wherever they go. At the rivers Gián and Thanh Quyết, the Qing troops flee at the mere sight of the king. In Hà Hồi, he surrounds the village and uses psychological tactics to force the enemy's surrender. By the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, his innovative use of wooden shields and straw mats renders the Qing's firearms useless, leading to their devastating defeat.

The author vividly describes the Qing army's humiliating retreat and the pitiful fate of the traitorous Lê court with a tone that blends sorrow and pride. Quang Trung's forces advance into Thăng Long, while Tôn Sĩ Nghị and Lê Chiêu Thống, preoccupied with New Year celebrations, are caught off guard. The Qing troops panic, fleeing in disarray, with many drowning in the Nhị Hà River. Meanwhile, Lê Chiêu Thống and his court suffer the shame of a fallen regime, fleeing in desperation and eventually adopting Qing hairstyles to survive.

Through this narrative, the Ngô gia văn phái demonstrates their respect for historical truth. Despite their loyalty to the Lê dynasty and their initial hostility toward the Tây Sơn, they portray Quang Trung and his peasant army with pride and admiration. This reflects the moral integrity and national consciousness of these scholars, who could not ignore the corruption of the Lê court or the brutality of the Qing invaders. Their work inspires deep respect for their sense of duty and love for their country.

The excerpt from the fourteenth chapter of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí" is a masterful blend of narrative and description, capturing the chaos of the Qing army's retreat and the tragic flight of Lê Chiêu Thống with vivid detail and emotional depth. The portrayal of characters is particularly striking: Tôn Sĩ Nghị's arrogance turns to cowardice, Lê Chiêu Thống's selfishness leads to his downfall, and Quang Trung shines as a heroic figure of unparalleled brilliance. Together, these elements create a masterpiece of historical fiction, celebrating Vietnam's enduring spirit of resistance and heroism.

"Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí," written in Chinese by the Ngô gia văn phái, chronicles the unification of the Lê dynasty. The excerpt from the fourteenth chapter vividly portrays the bravery, heroism, and exceptional intellect of the peasant hero Quang Trung, while also highlighting the humiliating defeat of Lê Chiêu Thống and the invading Qing forces.

The work prominently features two central figures: the heroic Nguyễn Huệ and the treacherous Lê Chiêu Thống and his Qing allies. Each character is masterfully depicted, balancing historical accuracy with the author's personal perspective.

Quang Trung emerges as a decisive and astute leader. Upon learning of the Qing invasion of Thăng Long, he swiftly ascends to the throne to legitimize his campaign northward. His actions are swift and strategic, demonstrating foresight and determination. By assuming the throne, he secures the people's trust and immediately leads his troops north. Along the way, he consults Nguyễn Thiếp, a brilliant strategist, showcasing his respect for talent. In Nghệ An, he recruits over ten thousand elite soldiers and delivers a stirring speech, exposing the Qing's sinister intentions and rallying his troops with discipline and morale.

Quang Trung's wisdom and vision are evident as he predicts the enemy's movements and devises a plan to reclaim Thăng Long within ten days. His rapid march from Phú Xuân to Tam Điệp in just five days is a testament to his military genius. He also anticipates the Qing's potential retaliation and prepares diplomatic strategies post-victory, proving his exceptional leadership and understanding of the nation's challenges.

As a military commander, Quang Trung excels in both strategy and battlefield tactics. He motivates his troops by allowing them to celebrate the Lunar New Year early, promising a grand feast in Thăng Long by the seventh day. He ensures the element of surprise by capturing enemy scouts and recruits, preventing communication between Qing outposts. His flexible tactics, such as using straw-covered wooden shields at Ngọc Hồi, minimize casualties. Leading from the front, he embodies the spirit and brilliance of the nation.

In stark contrast, the Qing forces suffer a humiliating defeat. Tôn Sĩ Nghị, initially overconfident, indulges in leisure and underestimates the situation. When confronted, he flees in panic, abandoning his troops. The Qing soldiers, disorganized and cowardly, either surrender or commit suicide. The author's vivid descriptions and rapid pacing capture the enemy's chaos and the triumphant tone of the Vietnamese victory.

Lê Chiêu Thống and his court, terrified by the Qing's collapse, flee in disgrace, even stealing civilian boats to escape. Lê Chiêu Thống's fate is pitiful, as he is forced to adopt Qing customs, shaving his head and wearing Manchu attire. Once a revered monarch, his betrayal of the nation leads to his tragic downfall, dying in exile on foreign soil. The slower narrative pace here reflects the author's sorrow for the fallen dynasty, despite its corruption.

The work's narrative artistry shines through its detailed historical accounts, capturing the urgency and grandeur of the Vietnamese victory. The vivid character portrayals and contrasting depictions of the heroic Quang Trung and the cowardly Qing and Lê forces highlight the story's dramatic tension. The use of contrast between the disciplined, courageous Vietnamese troops and the disorganized, fearful enemy underscores the triumph of justice and national pride.

Through the fourteenth chapter of "Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí," readers gain a profound understanding of Quang Trung's heroic and strategic brilliance, the glorious victory of the Vietnamese people, and the tragic downfall of the Qing invaders and Lê Chiêu Thống.