Top 10 Analytical Essays on "Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn" by Ngô Sĩ Liên

Ngô Sĩ Liên, a prominent historian of the Lê dynasty, played a pivotal role in compiling, supplementing, and drafting Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư, the first complete national chronicle of Vietnam preserved intact to this day. This historical work is deeply imbued with the literary essence of the medieval era.

Ngô Sĩ Liên, whose exact birth and death years remain unclear, hailed from Trúc Lý village in Chương Đức district, now known as Chương Mỹ district in Hà Tây province. He earned his doctorate in 1442 during the reign of Lê Thái Tông and was appointed to the Hanlin Academy. Under Lê Thánh Tông, he served as the Right Vice Minister of the Ministry of Rites, a senior court official, and the Director of the National University. Tasked with compiling the national history, he was commissioned by Lê Thánh Tông to author Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư.

Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư is a monumental record of Vietnam's historical events, written by Ngô Sĩ Liên during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông. It draws from and partially replicates earlier works such as Đại Việt Sử Ký by Lê Văn Hưu from the Trần dynasty and Đại Việt Sử Ký Tục Biên by Phan Phu Tiên (from the Lê dynasty but preceding Ngô Sĩ Liên). Later historians like Vũ Quỳnh, Lê Tung, Phạm Công Trứ, and Lê Hy further revised and expanded the text.

The official title of the work was coined by Ngô Sĩ Liên, reflecting both a strong national spirit and significant historical and literary value. Through the events of Trần Quốc Tuấn's life, the text vividly portrays the historical figure of Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn, highlighting his loyalty, strategic brilliance, and moral integrity. His unwavering loyalty to the king is evident in his profound patriotism and sense of civic responsibility, as depicted from the very beginning of the excerpt.

During a severe illness, the king visited him to seek advice on national defense. Trần Quốc Tuấn presented flexible strategies, adaptable military tactics, and the importance of utilizing talented individuals, emphasizing the need to adapt to circumstances: "In ancient times, Triệu Vũ established the nation, while the Han emperor used the people's strength to implement the 'Thanh Dã' strategy. During the Đinh and Lê dynasties, talented individuals from the south strengthened the nation while the north weakened. Unity among the people was key. When the Lý dynasty was founded, the Song dynasty invaded, but Lý Thường Kiệt led successful campaigns to Khâm and Liêm, reaching Mai Lĩnh, thanks to the unity of the king and his subjects, harmony among brothers, and the collective strength of the nation." He also stressed the importance of "relieving the people's burdens" as the best strategy for national preservation.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's loyalty and integrity were tested in challenging circumstances involving his father and Trần Thái Tông: "At birth, a fortune-teller predicted, 'This person will one day save the nation and aid the world.' As he grew, he displayed remarkable intelligence, excelling in both literature and martial arts. An Sinh Vương Trần Liễu, who harbored resentment toward Chiêu Lăng (Trần Thái Tông – Trần Cảnh), sought talented individuals to educate Trần Quốc Tuấn. On his deathbed, An Sinh Vương told him, 'If you do not seize the throne for me, I will not rest in peace.'"

An Sinh Vương Trần Liễu had married Thuận Thiên, the sister of Princess Lý Chiêu Hoàng, while Trần Cảnh married Lý Chiêu Hoàng at the age of seven. When Lý Chiêu Hoàng failed to bear children, Trần Thủ Độ forced Trần Liễu's pregnant wife to marry Trần Cảnh in 1237 (sister replacing sister). This fueled Trần Liễu's resentment toward Trần Cảnh. Trần Quốc Tuấn remembered his father's words but did not act on them.

When the nation's fate rested in his hands, Trần Quốc Tuấn prioritized loyalty over personal vendettas. He tested the loyalty of his two trusted servants, Dã Tượng and Yết Kiêu, and his two sons: "As the nation faced turmoil, with both military and political power in his hands, he revealed his father's dying wish to gauge their reactions. The servants replied, 'Such a plan might bring temporary wealth and honor but would leave a legacy of shame for millennia. Does the Great King not already possess enough wealth and honor? We would rather die as loyal servants than live as disloyal officials.' Moved to tears, Trần Quốc Tuấn praised their integrity. Later, he asked his son Hưng Vũ Vương Trần Quốc Hiến, 'Ancient rulers passed their kingdoms to their descendants. What do you think?' Hưng Vũ Vương replied, 'Even if they were of different families, it would be wrong, let alone the same family!' Trần Quốc Tuấn agreed. When he posed the same question to his younger son, Hưng Nhượng Vương Trần Quốc Tảng, the latter suggested, 'Song Thái Tổ was a farmer who seized the opportunity to rise to power.' Enraged, Trần Quốc Tuấn drew his sword, calling him a traitor, and intended to kill him. Hưng Vũ Vương intervened, pleading to take the blame, and Trần Quốc Tuấn relented. He later instructed Hưng Vũ Vương, 'After my death, seal the coffin before allowing Quốc Tảng to pay his respects.' This further underscored his unwavering loyalty.

Despite being granted the authority to confer titles, Trần Quốc Tuấn never exercised this power, demonstrating his commitment to his role as a loyal subject. Alongside his loyalty, he was a brilliant military strategist with profound moral character. He advised the king on the balance of power, the enemy's strength, and the importance of relying on the people's strength. When Thánh Tông suggested surrender, Trần Quốc Tuấn replied, 'Your Majesty must behead me before surrendering.' His achievements during the Trùng Hưng era were unparalleled, earning him the title An Nam Hưng Đạo Vương from the northerners, who dared not address him directly. After his death, people in Lạng Giang prayed to him during plagues and disasters. Legends say that whenever invaders threatened the nation, offerings at his temple would result in the sound of swords, foretelling great victories.

Trần Quốc Tuấn authored works like Binh Gia Diệu Lý Yếu Lược (commonly known as Binh Thư Yếu Lược) and Vạn Tông Bí Truyền Thư to instruct his generals, inspiring them with his Hịch Tướng Sĩ. He also prepared for his posthumous arrangements, instructing his children, 'Upon my death, cremate me, place my bones in a round vessel, and secretly bury them in the An Lạc garden. Level the ground and replant trees to conceal the site, ensuring no one discovers it.' His virtuous character earned him widespread reverence, and he was revered as Đức Thánh Trần.

In the annals of the Tran dynasty, two prominent figures stand out: Tran Thu Do and Tran Quoc Tuan. Both are highlighted in the Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, but each is portrayed differently. Tran Thu Do emerges as a steadfast pillar of the nation, a strict administrator who upheld the law and maintained discipline. In contrast, Tran Quoc Tuan is depicted more comprehensively, showcasing his talents, virtues, and dedication as a true luminary.

The narrative styles differ as well. Tran Thu Do is characterized through selected anecdotes and folk tales, while Tran Quoc Tuan is presented in a memoir-like fashion. The historian recalls his contributions to the nation and its people, particularly focusing on his final days of illness and death. Alongside an objective portrayal, the text includes evaluations from various perspectives: enemies, the king, the author, and the general public. This multi-faceted approach lends a literary richness to the historical account.

When discussing a military leader like Tran Quoc Tuan, his strategic acumen is paramount. His clear and detailed proposals to counter northern invaders were not coincidental. He advocated using short-range tactics against long-range strategies, a concept not new to military theory but requiring long-term strategic vision. A capable general, according to Tran Quoc Tuan, must possess both talent and virtue, ensuring a united army and the support of the people. His macro-strategic perspective, unique to him, linked glorious victories from the Trieu, Dinh, Le, Ly, and Tran dynasties.

Tran Quoc Tuan's conduct was exemplary. He remained respectful and loyal to the king, never abusing his power to confer titles. His approach to governance and military strategy, emphasizing popular support and moral integrity, set a standard for future generations. His legacy is celebrated in folk religion, with temples dedicated to him across the land, revered as the Saint Tran.

It is hard to imagine Vietnamese history or the Tran dynasty without the great figure of Tran Quoc Tuan. Few individuals have embodied such complete and noble character as he did. In the Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, Ngo Si Lien accurately portrayed the exceptional qualities of this man of virtue and talent.

In the narrative of Hung Dao Dai Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan, we encounter a man of many admirable traits, foremost among them his loyalty to the king and love for his country. His deep patriotism and sense of civic duty are evident in his meticulous advice to the king on strategies to repel invaders and safeguard the nation during his illness. Throughout his life, Tran Quoc Tuan remained steadfast in his loyalty, even when faced with the personal conflict between filial piety and loyalty to the throne. He prioritized the nation over familial ties, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of duty.

His strategic brilliance was instrumental in defending the country against northern invaders, earning him respect even from his enemies. His legacy includes not only military victories but also valuable works on military strategy. His vision for national unity and strength, as outlined in his discussions with the king, reveals his foresight and wisdom.

Beyond his loyalty and strategic acumen, Tran Quoc Tuan was a man of great humility and moral integrity. Despite the king's high regard, he remained modest and respectful. He advocated for the welfare of the people, understanding that they were the foundation of the nation. He nurtured and promoted talented individuals, many of whom became renowned figures in their own right. Even after his death, he was revered as a protective spirit, with temples dedicated to him across the land.

The stories in Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu paint a vivid portrait of a man whose character and achievements continue to inspire admiration and pride in every generation. Tran Quoc Tuan remains a shining example of the virtues that have defined Vietnam's history and culture.

The 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư' by Ngô Sĩ Liên, while primarily a chronicle, is imbued with a literary essence, reflecting the medieval ethos where history and literature intertwine. Each historical figure and event is presented with vivid narratives that leave a lasting impression on readers. The portrayal of historical characters is particularly striking, as seen in the excerpt about Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn, exemplifying this narrative style.

Trần Quốc Tuấn, known as Hưng Đạo Đại Vương, stands out as a celebrated hero of Vietnam. He was a cornerstone of the Trần dynasty and a military leader instrumental in repelling the Mongol invasions three times. His significant historical stature and commendable qualities led to his deification by the people, with temples erected in his honor across the nation.

Ngô Sĩ Liên successfully crafts a splendid image of this martial and literary hero. The anecdotes about Trần Hưng Đạo's interactions with the king, his generals, and his family, along with personal stories, reveal his character and virtues. The historian vividly portrays Trần Quốc Tuấn in various relationships and challenging situations, highlighting his multifaceted qualities through selective, poignant details that deeply resonate with readers.

The narrative in 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư' about historical figures is not monotonously chronological. It begins with an unusual event to mark a significant time: the falling of a star in June, which was considered an ominous sign indicating the impending death of a pivotal national figure, coinciding with Hưng Đạo Đại Vương's illness.

When Hưng Đạo Đại Vương fell ill, the king visited him, and he shared his heartfelt advice. Trần Quốc Tuấn, with his unique background, appearance, and notable life events, was honored posthumously by the king for his substantial contributions and admirable virtues.

The narrative is coherent and detailed, helping readers visualize the character and his historical significance, enriched with lively and engaging details that vividly depict the character's portrait.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's most prominent quality was his loyalty to the king and love for the country, demonstrated through his deep patriotism and high sense of responsibility. His strategic advice to the king on defending against northern invaders showcased his wisdom and foresight.

Trần Quốc Tuấn emphasized the complexity of governance, suggesting that success depends on various factors and that strategies should be adapted to specific circumstances. His advice included using the 'scorched earth' strategy, leveraging talented individuals, and uniting the people, highlighting the importance of unity and popular support.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's exceptional military talent was evident in his discussions with the king about the strategic relationship between their forces and the enemy, particularly valuing the strength of national unity.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's loyalty was tested in the context of his father's conflict with the king, yet he prioritized national loyalty over familial loyalty, influenced by a greater sense of responsibility towards the country.

Deeply concerned with the nation's fate, Trần Quốc Tuấn always placed national interests above personal and family gains. His interactions with his servants and sons further illustrate his commitment to loyalty and righteousness.

After his death, Trần Quốc Tuấn was posthumously honored with prestigious titles, reflecting his esteemed position and contributions. The historian explains that such honors are typically bestowed posthumously, based on a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's achievements and character.

Trần Quốc Tuấn was not only a skilled military leader but also a man of great virtue, humility, and respect, maintaining his integrity despite the king's high regard. His careful planning for his funeral and his dedication to his soldiers and the nation further exemplify his noble character.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's legacy as a revered military leader and a cultural icon continues to inspire pride among the Vietnamese people, celebrated as one of the world's outstanding generals and a World Cultural Figure.

The 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư' by Ngô Sĩ Liên is a renowned work that vividly chronicles historical figures through detailed narratives, leaving a profound impact on readers. The personalities and traits of these figures are vividly portrayed, with the excerpt about Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn standing out as a prime example.

Trần Quốc Tuấn, known as Hưng Đạo Đại Vương, was a brilliant strategist and a celebrated hero in Vietnamese history. His significant contributions led to the glorious victories against the Mongol invasions, and as a court official, he was a pillar of the Trần dynasty. His immense contributions earned him deification by the people, with temples erected in his honor across the land. Verses praising his achievements include:

“Trần Quốc Tuấn Hưng Đạo Đại Vương

Chiến công hiển hách rạng ngàn phương

Cứu dân một kiếp xây giềng mối

Dẹp giặc ba lần giữ kỷ cương”

In this excerpt, Ngô Sĩ Liên portrays Trần Quốc Tuấn as a devoted servant of the dynasty and a hero of both literary and martial prowess. The author recounts stories of Trần Hưng Đạo's interactions with the king, his generals, and his subordinates, showcasing his noble qualities.

Trần Quốc Tuấn is depicted in various challenging situations and relationships, highlighting his character and virtues. Ngô Sĩ Liên successfully captures the essence of the character through selective details, leaving a deep impression on readers. The excerpt begins with an ominous celestial event: a falling star in June, which was seen as a bad omen coinciding with Trần Quốc Tuấn's illness.

With a clear and insightful narrative, Ngô Sĩ Lien helps readers visualize Trần Quốc Tuấn's life, achievements, and career. Among his many virtues, his loyalty to the king and love for the country stand out. Throughout his life, Trần Quốc Tuấn dedicated his talents and efforts to the nation, demonstrating deep patriotism and a strong sense of responsibility, as seen when he advised the king on strategies against invaders.

After presenting his strategies, Trần Quốc Tuấn emphasized the complexity of governance, stating that it depends on various factors and requires adaptable strategies. He suggested using the 'scorched earth' policy, valuing talented individuals, and uniting the people to create a combined strength capable of repelling foreign invaders.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's response to the king not only provided useful strategies but also showcased his genius and foresight. In his plans, he stressed the importance of national unity and the philosophy of valuing the people, reflecting his superior intellect. This aligns with Nguyễn Trãi's thoughts in 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo':

“Việc nhân nghĩa cốt ở yên dân

Quân điếu phạt trước lo trừ bạo”

Through his analysis of the relationship between the nation and its enemies, and his emphasis on unity, Trần Quốc Tuấn demonstrated his exceptional political talent.

To provide a broader perspective, the author introduces Trần Quốc Tuấn in detail: he was the son of An Sinh Vương, and from birth, he was predicted to be an extraordinary individual with remarkable appearance and talent.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's loyalty was tested in various challenging circumstances. Despite the unresolved conflict between his father and the king, and his father's deathbed request to reclaim the throne, Trần Quốc Tuấn chose loyalty to the nation over familial loyalty, prioritizing the country's fate over personal feelings.

He tested his sons and close associates regarding his father's request to evaluate their loyalty. Moved to tears by Yết Kiêu and Dã Tượng's responses, he agreed with Hưng Vũ Vương's answer but was angered by Vương Quốc Tảng's rebellious words, even considering punishment.

Through various scenarios, Ngô Sĩ Liên constructs the admirable image of Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn, a hero who dedicated his life to the people and the nation.

The Vietnamese nation, as it stands today, has endured a 4,000-year history of building and defending the country, filled with hardships and sacrifices, yet also marked by glorious and heroic achievements. Each radiant page of history reveals the image of a talented and virtuous hero who contributed wisdom and strength to safeguard the nation's sovereignty. Among these national heroes, one figure we can never forget is Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn. In the work “Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư,” particularly in the excerpt “Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn,” the author Ngô Sĩ Liên successfully portrays Trần Quốc Tuấn as a hero of both exceptional talent and moral integrity.

“Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư” is a chronicle that meticulously and authentically records historical events of the Đại Việt era. In the past, our ancestors believed that “literature and history are inseparable,” which is why this work, though a historical record, carries a strong literary essence. Each historical figure and event is not merely documented in a dry manner but is often accompanied by vivid and captivating stories, narrated in a compelling and profound style. Through this approach, the character of Trần Quốc Tuấn in the excerpt “Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn” leaves a powerful impression on readers.

Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn is one of the most renowned heroes of the Vietnamese nation. During the Trần dynasty, he served as a pillar of the state, earning the deep respect and trust of the king. He was also a general who played a pivotal role in defeating the Mongol invasions three times. Trần Quốc Tuấn, a figure of immense historical stature, was both talented and virtuous. After his passing, he was honored with temples built across the country. In the excerpt “Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn,” Ngô Sĩ Liên masterfully constructs the image of a brilliant, virtuous, and versatile general through his relationships with the king, his officers, and his family.

The author begins the excerpt with the date “June 24th, a shooting star,” foreshadowing an ominous sign, hinting at the departure of a figure of great significance. According to ancient beliefs, the heavens and humanity are closely connected, and a shooting star was considered a bad omen. This omen seemed to manifest in Trần Quốc Tuấn, who fell ill. When Hưng Đạo Đại Vương became sick, the king visited him, and Trần Quốc Tuấn shared his heartfelt advice on strategies to repel invaders: “In the past, Triệu Vũ established the nation, and the Han army attacked. The people employed the ‘scorched earth’ tactic, with the main force advancing to Khâm Châu and Liêm Châu to strike Tường Sa, while smaller units ambushed from behind.”

This strategy, suggested by Trần Quốc Tuấn, was inspired by Triệu Vũ’s ancient tactics against the Han army. He also advised the king to employ talented individuals, as seen during the Đinh and Lê dynasties, and to prioritize the people as the foundation of the nation. He emphasized unity between the king, his officials, and the military to defeat the enemy: “In general, the enemy relies on prolonged warfare, while we depend on swift strikes. Using short-term tactics to counter long-term strategies is a fundamental principle of military art. If the enemy advances like fire or wind, they are easier to control. However, if they progress slowly, like a silkworm eating leaves, without seeking quick victory, we must select skilled generals, adapt flexibly, and act like a chess player, adjusting to the situation. Only with an army united like father and son can we succeed. Moreover, we must ease the burden on the people to build a deep-rooted and enduring foundation, which is the best strategy for preserving the nation.”

According to Trần Quốc Tuấn, governing a nation is a challenging process that depends on many factors. To rule effectively, one must consider specific circumstances and choose appropriate strategies. Governing involves defending against invaders, which can be achieved through tactics like the scorched earth strategy, employing talented individuals, and rallying the people and the military. To govern and defend the nation, the king and his officials must be united in purpose and effort. With the right strategies, success is inevitable. These invaluable military strategies, drawn from Trần Quốc Tuấn’s experience, reflect the understanding and vision of a genius general and an outstanding military strategist. A nation can never achieve independence and prosperity without unity and a deep-rooted foundation built on easing the people’s burdens.

Trần Quốc Tuấn, a brilliant general and strategist, was prophesied from birth: “This person will later help the nation and save the world.” As he grew, he became increasingly intelligent, talented, and skilled in both literature and martial arts. His father, An Sinh Vương Trần Liễu, harbored deep resentment toward King Trần Thái Tông and, on his deathbed, urged his son: “If you do not avenge me and seize the throne, I will not rest in peace.” Trần Quốc Tuấn remembered these words but did not consider them just. This moment tested his loyalty and filial piety, forcing him to choose between family and nation. Despite the challenge, he rose above personal grievances, prioritizing his duty to the country over familial obligations.

His unwavering devotion to the nation and its people brought him joy when he met like-minded individuals. When he gained authority, he recounted his father’s story to his loyal servants, Dã Tượng and Yết Kiêu, and his son, Hưng Vũ Vương. Their shared commitment to loyalty and righteousness moved him deeply. However, when he posed the same question to his younger son, Quốc Tảng, the latter replied: “Emperor Tống Thái Tổ was once a farmer who seized the opportunity to rise and claim the throne.” Enraged, Trần Quốc Tuấn drew his sword, condemning his son as a “disloyal traitor born from an unfilial child.”

Beyond his talent and loyalty, Trần Quốc Tuấn was also known for his humility and integrity. During his lifetime, King Thánh Tông personally composed an epitaph for him and granted him the authority to confer titles, yet he never bestowed any titles upon others. As his death approached, he meticulously arranged his funeral: “When I die, cremate me, place my bones in a round vessel, and secretly bury me in the An Lạc garden. Level the ground and plant trees as before, so no one will know the location. Ensure the process is swift.”

For his soldiers, he authored texts to teach and inspire them in loyalty and righteousness. He recommended talented individuals like Dã Tượng and Yết Kiêu to serve the nation. His disciples, such as Phạm Ngũ Lão, Trương Hán Siêu, and Trịnh Dù, were renowned for their literary and political achievements. His charisma and leadership attracted many skilled individuals, drawn to his strategic brilliance, heroism, and unwavering loyalty. He famously declared, “Your Majesty, behead me before surrendering to the enemy.” His accomplishments earned him great respect, even among northern invaders, who referred to him as “An Nam Hưng Đạo Vương” out of reverence.

After his passing, he was posthumously honored with the title “Thái Sư Thượng Phụ Thượng Quốc Công Nhân Vũ Hưng Đạo Đại Vương” and was worshipped by people across the land. Trần Quốc Tuấn became a revered deity and a model of a virtuous and accomplished general, admired not only by his people but also respected by his enemies.

Thus, the excerpt “Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn” successfully immortalizes the legacy of a towering national hero: Thái Sư Thượng Phụ Thượng Quốc Công Nhân Vũ Hưng Đạo Đại Vương. Through this, we are reminded of our pride in the nation’s history and inspired to follow in the footsteps of such heroes to build and develop our country.

Trần Quốc Tuấn, a legendary hero of Đại Việt during the Bình Nguyên era, was a master of both literature and martial arts. His name is eternally linked to the immortal victory at Bạch Đằng River. In the "Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư," historian Ngô Sĩ Liên praised Hưng Đạo Đại Vương's virtues and talents with the most eloquent words.

The first section discusses Trần Quốc Tuấn's strategies for defending the nation. These are considered golden words from a sage of Đại Việt. When the Trần king visited him and asked, "If the northern invaders return, what should our strategy be?" the Đại Vương recounted historical lessons: Triệu Vũ's use of the "thanh dã" tactic and ambushes to defeat the Han army; the Đinh and Lê dynasties' reliance on talented individuals and unity to repel the Song invaders. During the Lý dynasty, Lý Thường Kiệt's victories in Khâm and Liêm were attributed to strategic advantages. In the Trần dynasty, unity between the king and his subjects, along with a well-coordinated military, led to the capture of invaders. Trần Quốc Tuấn emphasized the importance of a loyal army, short-range tactics against long-range strategies, and nurturing the people's strength. His ultimate strategy was to "relax the people's burdens to build deep roots and strong foundations," a timeless lesson for national preservation.

The second section highlights Trần Quốc Tuấn's character and personality. Born to Yên Sinh Vương Trần Liễu, a fortune-teller predicted his future role in saving the nation. Growing up, he was known for his intelligence, broad knowledge, and martial prowess. The author recounts the feud between An Sinh Vương and Trần Thái Tông, and how Trần Quốc Tuấn internalized his father's dying words but chose not to act on them. His interactions with Dã Tượng, Yết Kiêu, and his children revealed his unwavering loyalty and prioritization of the nation's interests over personal grievances.

The third section discusses Trần Quốc Tuấn's humility and integrity. Despite his high rank and the king's permission to confer titles, he never did so. Upon his death on the 20th day of the eighth lunar month in 1300, he was honored with the title "Thái Sư Thượng Phụ Thượng Quốc Công Nhân Vũ Hưng Đạo Đại Vương." King Thánh Tông compared him to ancient sages, underscoring his immense respect. Ngô Sĩ Liên's vivid storytelling and historical commentary bring Trần Quốc Tuấn's legacy to life, showcasing his exceptional talent and virtue.

The final section highlights the spiritual significance of Hưng Đạo Vương, particularly the belief that the sound of a sword in its scabbard foretells great victories. This symbolizes his eternal spirit and heroic legacy, deeply revered by the people. His works, such as "Binh Gia Diệu Lý Yếu Lược" and "Vạn Kiếp Tông Bí Truyền Thư," are invaluable treasures of Đại Việt. Ngô Sĩ Liên also praises Trần Quốc Tuấn's ability to recognize and recommend talented individuals like Dã Tượng, Yết Kiêu, and Phạm Ngũ Lão, affirming his strategic genius and unwavering loyalty.

Through this excerpt from "Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư," Ngô Sĩ Liên immortalizes Trần Quốc Tuấn as a monumental figure, a hero who played a pivotal role in defeating the Mongol invaders. Combining historical narration with vivid storytelling, Ngô Sĩ Liên creates a compelling and insightful historical commentary.

Ngô Sĩ Liên, a prominent historian of the nation, was instrumental in compiling the "Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư" under the order of King Lê Thánh Tông. The excerpt "Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn" is taken from the "Bản Kỉ" section of this historical text. It portrays Trần Quốc Tuấn, an exceptional hero in the history of resisting foreign invaders.

The passage begins by highlighting Trần Quốc Tuấn's strategies for national defense, showcasing his loyalty and patriotism. His deep love for the country and sense of responsibility are evident. While gravely ill, the king visited him to seek advice on countering northern invaders. Trần Quốc Tuấn recounted historical battles and emphasized the complexity of governance, stating that success depends on multiple factors. He advocated for flexible military tactics, tailored to the circumstances, and stressed the importance of unity among the people, harmony between the king and his subjects, and a cohesive military force. Reducing taxes, minimizing punishments, and ensuring the people's prosperity were key to safeguarding the nation.

Trần Quốc Tuấn emerges as a brilliant strategist with profound wisdom and a deep love for his people. His unwavering loyalty and sense of justice were unmatched. He consulted his servants and family about his father's dying wish to seize the throne, but he chose not to act on it. When the nation's fate rested in his hands, he shared his father's words with his loyal servants, Dã Tượng and Yết Kiêu, who advised against betrayal. Moved by their loyalty, Trần Quốc Tuấn praised their integrity. His interactions with his sons further revealed his strict principles and commitment to the nation over personal interests.

Trần Quốc Tuấn was a cautious and decisive leader, always prioritizing the country's welfare. He authored works to inspire his troops, recommended talented individuals for national service, and, despite being granted the authority to confer titles, never did so. During the Hồ dynasty's invasion, he ordered the wealthy to contribute grain for military supplies but refrained from granting them official titles, maintaining his humility and loyalty. His stern stance against invaders earned him both fear and respect from his enemies.

The excerpt underscores Trần Quốc Tuấn's remarkable talent and virtue. Before his passing, he instructed his children to cremate him and bury his ashes secretly, wishing to vanish from the world. His heartfelt and loving advice to his children reflects his profound character. The narrative, concise yet vivid, skillfully weaves together events without strict chronological order, creating a coherent and engaging portrayal of Hưng Đạo Vương's legendary legacy.

This passage profoundly captures Trần Quốc Tuấn's brilliance, exemplary virtue, and immortal stature in the hearts of the nation.

In medieval times, the integration of literature, history, and philosophy within a single text was a common phenomenon. This is why many historical narratives also hold significant literary value. Through excerpts from Ngô Sĩ Liên's 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư,' we can deeply appreciate one of the central themes of Vietnamese medieval literature: patriotism.

Alongside humanitarianism, patriotism stands as one of the most admirable qualities of the Vietnamese people across all eras. One of its manifestations is national pride. The excerpts about Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn and Thái Sư Trần Thủ Độ vividly reflect Ngô Sĩ Liên's admiration for these national heroes, who epitomize the patriotic spirit of the people and the nation. This pride is evident in the artistry of character portrayal and the celebration of the noble virtues of Trần Quốc Tuấn and Trần Thủ Độ. In the depiction of Hưng Đạo Đại Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn, Ngô Sĩ Liên crafts a magnificent portrait of a man of both virtue and talent.

Through his detailed analysis with the king on strategies to repel invaders and safeguard the nation during his illness, anyone can recognize Trần Quốc Tuấn's unwavering dedication to devising plans to protect the country and ensure the people's welfare. Throughout his life, Trần Quốc Tuấn remained steadfastly loyal. His loyalty was tested in extraordinary circumstances. He did not forget the feud between his father, An Sinh Vương, and Trần Thái Tông, nor did he overlook his father's dying wish. He himself was caught in the conflict between 'filial piety' and 'loyalty.'

However, when entrusted with military power, Trần Quốc Tuấn prioritized 'loyalty' over 'filial piety,' placing the nation's debt above familial ties. In other words, he did not interpret 'filial piety' rigidly. Both 'loyalty' and 'filial piety' were guided by a greater duty to the nation. His attitude towards Yết Kiêu and Dã Tượng (admiring them to the point of tears, praising them), towards Hưng Vũ Vương (silently agreeing with him), and towards Hưng Nhượng Vương Trần Quốc Tảng (drawing his sword to reprimand him) upon hearing their responses further highlights his righteous loyalty. Trần Quốc Tuấn embodies the spirit of patriotism and a sense of civic responsibility towards the nation.

Trần Quốc Tuấn's loyalty to the king and love for the country were matched by his strategic brilliance. He assisted two Trần dynasty kings in repelling foreign invaders and calming the populace. His virtue and talent earned the respect and fear of northern invaders: they often referred to him as 'An Nam Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn,' not daring to utter his name directly. He left behind a courageous statement: 'Your Majesty, behead me before surrendering,' and contributed valuable military works to posterity (Binh gia diệu lí yếu lược, Vạn Kiếp tông bí truyền thư). His discussions with the king on the current situation, the balance of power between allies and enemies, enemy strategies, and countermeasures, particularly his emphasis on uniting the strength of the entire population, reveal his foresight and wisdom as a brilliant general.

Beyond his loyalty and strategic acumen, Trần Quốc Tuấn was also a man of great virtue. Despite being highly esteemed by the king, he remained humble and respectful, maintaining his integrity as a subject. He advocated for easing the burden on the people, understanding that they are the foundation of the nation. He was devoted to his subordinates, compiling books to educate and inspire them, and skillfully recommended talented individuals to serve the country, such as Yết Kiêu and Dã Tượng, who were his retainers and contributed to defeating Ô Mã Nhi and Toa Đô. Figures like Phạm Ngũ Lão, Trần Thì Kiến, Trương Hán Siêu, Phạm Lãm, Trịnh Dũ, Ngô Sĩ Thường, and Nguyễn Thế Trực, who were his disciples, gained fame for their literary and political achievements.

He meticulously planned for his own funeral arrangements. In folk beliefs, after his death, he continued to manifest his divine presence, aiding the people against disasters and epidemics: to this day, whenever invaders threaten the nation, offerings at his temple are accompanied by the sound of a sword rattling in its sheath, foretelling a great victory. Trần Quốc Tuấn's life is filled with countless stories worthy of emulation, but the author has selectively highlighted the most representative and concise tales to celebrate his noble character. Without profound understanding and reverence, Ngô Sĩ Liên could not have penned such a succinct yet deeply proud narrative.

Another historical figure Ngô Sĩ Liên chose to praise is Trần Thủ Độ. Unlike the portrayal of Trần Quốc Tuấn, the author places this character in thorny situations to allow him to reveal his true self. When accused of authoritarianism before the king, Trần Thủ Độ not only defended himself but also acknowledged the truth in the accusations, even rewarding the accuser for their courage. This demonstrates his fairness, magnanimity, and integrity.

Upon hearing Linh Từ Quốc Mẫu's complaint about a guard denying her passage over a forbidden threshold, Trần Thủ Độ did not side with his wife to punish the guard but instead investigated the matter and rewarded the guard for upholding the law. This second story illustrates his impartiality, respect for the law, and refusal to favor relatives in his character. When someone sought his wife's influence to secure a minor official position, Trần Thủ Độ taught them a lesson: to qualify for the position, they must endure the amputation of a toe to distinguish themselves from those who earned their roles through merit. This highlights his commitment to fairness and his opposition to corruption and nepotism.

In a fourth instance, when the king wished to appoint Trần Thủ Độ's brother, An Quốc, as a general, Trần Thủ Độ candidly expressed his view: only the most capable should be chosen, and favoring both brothers would disrupt court affairs. This story shows that Trần Thủ Độ always prioritized public duty over personal gain, avoiding factionalism. His qualities of fairness, honesty, humility, and strictness make him a figure of great respect in 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư.' The virtues of Trần Quốc Tuấn and Trần Thủ Độ immortalize them as great sons of the nation.

Ngô Sĩ Liên's short stories beautifully depict the characters of these two men. His pride, admiration, and respect for their achievements and wisdom reflect the patriotism of this great historian. Alongside other literary works, 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư,' particularly these two excerpts, contributes to the patriotic essence of Vietnamese medieval literature.

Trần Quốc Tuấn, a hero of the Bình Nguyên era, was a man of both literary and martial prowess, his name forever linked to the immortal victory at Bạch Đằng River. In Ngô Sĩ Liên's 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư,' Trần Quốc Tuấn is vividly portrayed through sharp characterizations and dynamic stories that leave a lasting impression on readers.

The character of Trần Quốc Tuấn is depicted in various relationships and challenging situations, highlighting his qualities across multiple dimensions. The historian successfully brings this historical figure to life through carefully selected details, leaving a profound impact on readers. The narrative style in 'Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư' avoids a monotonous chronological approach, instead weaving a compelling story.

The author begins with an unusual event to mark a significant moment: on the 24th day of the 6th month, a star fell. In the belief that heaven and humanity are closely connected, this was seen as an ominous sign, foretelling the passing of a key figure in the nation's history. This omen was linked to the illness of Hưng Đạo Đại Vương, whom the king visited to hear his heartfelt advice. Who was Hưng Đạo Đại Vương? He was Trần Quốc Tuấn, a man of unique background, appearance, and notable life events. After his death, he was honored by the king for his immense contributions to the nation and his admirable virtues.

The first part discusses Trần Quốc Tuấn's strategies for defending the nation. These are considered golden words of wisdom from a Vietnamese sage. When the king visited and asked about plans in case of another northern invasion, Trần Quốc Tuấn drew from historical lessons, such as Triệu Vũ's use of the 'thanh dã' strategy and ambush tactics to defeat the Han army. He also referenced the Đinh and Lê dynasties' reliance on talented individuals and unity to repel the Song invaders, as well as Lý Thường Kiệt's victories during the Lý dynasty. For the Trần dynasty, unity among the king, his officials, and the people led to the capture of invaders like Tọa Đô and Ô Mã Nhi. Trần Quốc Tuấn emphasized the importance of flexible tactics, nurturing the people's strength, and fostering national unity as the foundation for defending and building the nation.

The second part delves into Trần Quốc Tuấn's character and personality. Born to Yên Sinh Vương Trần Liễu, a fortune-teller predicted that he would one day save the nation. Growing up, Trần Quốc Tuấn was described as handsome, intelligent, and well-read, excelling in both literature and martial arts. The author recounts the feud between An Sinh Vương and Trần Thái Tông, as well as Trần Quốc Tuấn's father's dying wish. Though he remembered his father's words, Trần Quốc Tuấn did not act on them. His interactions with Dã Tượng, Yết Kiêu, and his children, ranging from tears of admiration to anger, all reflect his unwavering loyalty and prioritization of the nation's interests over personal grievances.

The third part highlights Trần Quốc Tuấn's humility and integrity as a loyal subject. Despite his high rank and the king's permission to confer titles, he never granted a title to anyone. Upon his death on the 20th day of the 8th month in 1300, the king and court honored him with the title 'Thái Sư Thượng Phụ Thượng Quốc Công Nhân Vũ Hưng Đạo Đại Vương.' King Thánh Tông even composed a commemorative stele, comparing him to ancient sages, underscoring the high regard in which he was held.

Through this excerpt, readers develop admiration and pride for the national hero Trần Quốc Tuấn, remembering the impactful stories about him. This is the goal and success of historian Ngô Sĩ Liên. Today, Trần Quốc Tuấn is celebrated as one of the world's outstanding military leaders and a global cultural figure.