Top 10 Analytical Essays on the Work "Hiền tài là nguyên khí quốc gia" by Thân Nhân Trung

Stele inscriptions are writings carved on stone surfaces that serve to record important events or the lives and achievements of notable individuals, ensuring their memory is preserved for future generations. There are three main types of stele: those commemorating meritorious deeds, those documenting the construction of significant architectural works, and those marking tombs.

The inscription commemorating meritorious deeds typically consists of three parts: the first part is the preface (which explains the reason for the inscription, the process of its creation, and the biography of the individual honored); the second part (written in verse) summarizes the narrative to aid readers' memorization and is referred to as the 'ming' (memorialization); the third part records the date and the name of the person responsible for the inscription (written in prose). Over time, the preface became the most important section, representing the ideological stance of the person who commissioned the inscription.

The inscription for the doctoral examination of the Nhâm Tuất year, in the third year of the Đại Bảo era, written by Dr. Thân Nhãn Trung in 1484 during the reign of King Lê Thái Tông, holds significant importance. It serves as a preface for the 82 doctoral stelae erected at the Văn Miếu in Hanoi. The excerpt titled 'Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia' is taken from this inscription.

The main purpose of this text is to explain the meaning and purpose behind erecting stelae for scholars who passed the doctoral exams. The primary goal is to honor these individuals for their contributions to the nation, both as a form of recognition and a means of encouraging them to dedicate even more energy and effort to serving the country's destiny. The inscription is structured like a preface and functions as a persuasive political discourse with sharp reasoning, tight structure, and rich, meaningful language that is highly persuasive and inspiring.

The excerpt 'Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia,' though brief, is logically structured and can be divided into two parts: Part 1: From the beginning to 'the highest': Scholars play a crucial role in the nation's destiny. Part 2: The remainder: The significance and impact of carving stelae with the names of these scholars for both contemporary society and future generations. The excerpt begins with the writer expressing a modest attitude: 'Though my knowledge is shallow and my writing crude, I humbly request to make this inscription.'

Next, the writer asserts the value of talented and virtuous individuals in society through a long-established truth: 'Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia' (A talented person is the vital force of the nation). A talented person is someone who possesses great skill, knowledge, and ethics. 'Nguyên khí' refers to the essential energy that sustains life and enables growth. Broadly, 'nguyên khí' is the force that ensures the survival and development of society and the nation. A talented person embodies the essence of both heaven and earth, and of the people. The ancient saying 'Địa linh sinh nhân kiệt' (The land of great potential produces outstanding people) reflects this belief. Therefore, 'Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia': When the vital force thrives, the nation prospers; when it weakens, the nation falters.

To support his argument, Thân Nhãn Trung references the actions of kings and emperors throughout history: 'Thus, no wise monarch has ever failed to prioritize the cultivation of talent, the selection of scholars, and the nurturing of the nation's vital force.' Scholars are deeply connected to the nation's destiny, and for this reason, honoring them cannot be overstated. The monarch bestows great honors upon them, elevating their social standing.

Despite such great generosity, the monarch still considers it insufficient. He further honors them by listing their names at the Nhạn Pagoda, granting them titles such as 'Long Hổ' (Dragon Tiger), and hosting grand feasts. The court celebrates the discovery of talented individuals, taking every measure to honor them. Through concise and impactful writing, the author highlights the critical role of talented individuals in the nation's future. However, according to wise rulers, even such honors are insufficient; a stele must be erected, engraving the names and deeds of these individuals for posterity, motivating those who are already honored, and inspiring other scholars to exert even greater effort in serving the ruler and the nation.

In this light, the wise ruler believes that although great deeds may be celebrated for a time, mere praise is insufficient to ensure lasting glory. Therefore, he orders the construction of a stone stele at the entrance of the Hiền Quan gate, allowing scholars to see it, gain inspiration, and improve their character, encouraging them to work diligently for the nation. This is not simply about praising literature or pursuing hollow fame.

Indeed, scholars in humble study halls are honored so highly by the court; how can they repay this trust? In the second part, the author affirms that erecting the doctoral stele is both correct and necessary. Beyond honoring talented individuals, it serves as a means to remember the contributions of those who have served the nation. The deeper, long-term purpose of the stele is to instill moral lessons and prevent talented individuals from falling into moral corruption.

Consider the names of those who passed the exams. Many have used their literary and political skills to bring peace to the nation for decades, earning the trust of the government. Yet, not all have remained virtuous; some have been corrupted by bribery and dishonesty. Perhaps, had they seen these stelae in their time, their hearts would have been filled with goodness, and their wrongdoings would have been prevented.

Thus, the creation of these stelae brings multiple benefits: they serve as a warning to the wicked, a guide for the virtuous, and a way to shape the reputations of scholars and strengthen the nation's foundations. The divine has not set these things in place without purpose. Those who read the stelae should understand its deep meaning.

The nation's talent has always been scarce but never too rare; however, for them to become true scholars, the government must have effective policies for utilizing them. The author cites instances of talented individuals who have failed to live up to their potential because they were not properly guided or disciplined. The purpose and significance of erecting the stele are clear: it serves as a reminder to scholars of their responsibility to the nation's well-being.

Erecting a stele to commemorate the doctoral graduates is a monumental act for the nation, and therefore, the arguments and explanations must be thorough. Dr. Thân Nhãn Trung has executed this task brilliantly. He makes it clear that the purpose of erecting the stele is not to pursue empty fame but to establish a concrete means of strengthening the nation's core. It is also a long-term strategy for wise rulers to attract and utilize talent effectively.

However, the most important reason the wise ruler decided to place the stele at the Hiền Quan gate was to emphasize the essential role of talented individuals for the nation. The cohesive structure of the text affirms this, beginning with the statement 'Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia' and concluding with the idea of strengthening the nation's foundations.

Through rigorous reasoning and the art of precise language, the author Thân Nhãn Trung has left a lasting lesson for future generations on how to recognize, evaluate, and use talent correctly and rationally. By identifying, nurturing, and respecting talent—especially true scholars—the nation's prosperity and strength will quickly become a reality.

“Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia” is an excerpt from the work “Bài kí đề danh tiến sĩ khoa Nhâm Tuất, niên hiệu Bảo Đại thư ba,” written by Thân Nhân Trung in 1484 during the reign of Hồng Đức.

This piece discusses the establishment of stone steles to honor talented individuals. The institution of a triennial examination system marked a significant step in the policy of seeking and developing talent during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông (starting from 1463), though the establishment of stone steles came later. The passage contains two main sections. First, it emphasizes the role of talented individuals in the nation's development: “Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia,” meaning the scholars are the true talents of the country.

Thus, the state showed its interest in selecting and valuing scholars through granting significant honors such as academic titles, hosting banquets, etc., but these were short-term measures. The act of engraving names on stone steles was a necessary long-term measure to encourage and promote talent: Engraving the names of scholars on stone steles immortalized their achievements, serving as a form of motivation and encouragement.

On the other hand, once a scholar's name was engraved, they were expected to live up to their reputation and prove themselves worthy of eternal recognition. The policy of using stone steles as a means of self-motivation is aligned with Confucian ideals. In a short passage, the author shifts perspectives, adopting the viewpoint of a leader (since the king ordered the author to compose the text), affirming that nurturing and selecting talent has always been the work of wise and virtuous emperors.

The state's measures to encourage and honor talent reflect its positive stance toward intellectuals. This passage not only praises the Lê Thánh Tông dynasty but also serves as a timeless message for future generations: “Leaders should care for and value talented individuals.”

Looking at the scholars, the author analyzes the psychological aspect: The purpose of stone steles was to inspire and encourage scholars, to promote integrity and dedication in their service to the king. Furthermore, scholars, often from humble backgrounds, when honored by the court, felt a deep sense of duty: “Scholars, from humble backgrounds, when recognized by the court in such a way, felt compelled to preserve their dignity and repay the honor.” Another point is that once a scholar's name is engraved, their heart is filled with goodness, preventing evil actions.

During the resistance against French colonialism, some intellectuals, trained abroad, admired the selfless dedication of President Hồ Chí Minh and chose to return to Vietnam, abandoning their prosperous lives to directly contribute their knowledge and skills to the national resistance. Engineer Trần Đại Nghĩa, who developed many vital weapons for the resistance, doctors Phạm Ngọc Thạch, Tôn Thất Tùng, and Đặng Văn Ngữ, who researched and produced life-saving antibiotics for the wounded soldiers on the battlefield.

Agronomist Lương Định Của devoted his life to researching and developing new rice varieties resistant to pests, improving the lives of farmers and boosting food supplies for the southern front in the fight against American forces. These are shining examples of “hiền tài” who wholeheartedly serve the people and the country.

As mentioned earlier, “hiền tài” plays a critical role in the prosperity or downfall of the nation. However, “hiền tài” doesn't arise by chance. In addition to inherent talent, gifted individuals must be discovered and educated according to strict principles so they can recognize that the purpose of education is to cultivate moral character, foster empathy, and understand their responsibility to society.

In ancient times, Confucianism believed that education should focus on virtue (virtue is the foundation), while talent is secondary (talent is the surface). Nguyễn Trãi also placed virtue above talent: “Talent is a little less than virtue.” The great poet Nguyễn Du affirmed: “The heart is more valuable than three talents.” This principle remains valid even today. Hồ Chí Minh once emphasized in a conversation with students: “Having talent without virtue is useless. Having virtue without talent makes work difficult.”

“Hiền tài” must first be virtuous. Under the old feudal system, virtue meant loyalty to the king and love for the country. All the thoughts and actions of the “hiền tài” were centered on these four principles. Personal ambitions could not influence or undermine their noble ideals of serving the king and the nation. According to Confucian ethics, they were true noble gentlemen: “Wealth cannot corrupt them, poverty cannot sway them, and power cannot intimidate them.” “Hiền tài” are courageous exemplars of devotion to the country and the people.

Mạc Đĩnh Chi, a brilliant scholar during the Trần Dynasty, was sent on a diplomatic mission to the north and demonstrated the courage and eloquence of a true gentleman to the Ming Dynasty rulers. Giang Văn Minh was willing to sacrifice his life to protect the honor of the Southern king and the dignity of the nation. There are countless “hiền tài” throughout Vietnamese history, as Nguyễn Trãi wrote: “Although strength and weakness may vary, heroes always emerge in every era” (Bình Ngô đại cáo).

However, the history of our nation spans thousands of years with numerous ups and downs. In general, history has progressed, but there have been periods of decline and hardship. The fate of the nation rests on the shoulders of the “hiền tài,” but for various reasons, some of them failed to meet the national responsibility entrusted to them. An Dương Vương, with his strong Cổ Loa citadel and magical crossbow, lost his kingdom due to underestimating the enemy. Trần Ích Tắc and Lê Chiêu Thống, driven by personal gain, cowardly became collaborators with foreign invaders. In these instances, the national vitality waned, and the nation weakened.

What is most important is that “hiền tài” must truly possess talent. Only those with the wisdom to govern the nation can devise strategies to assist the king and administration. The military genius of Hưng Đạo Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn contributed significantly to the three great victories against the Mongol-Yuan invaders. The military and diplomatic brilliance of Nguyễn Trãi made him Lê Lợi’s top advisor, playing a decisive role in the success of the Lam Sơn uprising and expelling the Ming forces from Vietnam.

A modern example of “hiền tài” whose name resonates worldwide is General Võ Nguyên Giáp. His legacy is intertwined with the two heroic and painful wars of resistance against French colonialism and American imperialism. His efforts have immortalized Vietnam’s indomitable spirit and glorious history. When his name is mentioned, the people of Vietnam and friends worldwide feel pride, while even adversaries must bow in respect.

Throughout history, all dynasties have focused on establishing schools and organizing exams to select talented individuals to serve the nation. After expelling the Ming invaders and establishing lasting peace, King Lê Thái Tổ prioritized the development of education, which included discovering and training talented individuals to aid in the country’s prosperity.

Earlier dynasties selected officials mainly through nominations and assignments, but under the Lê Dynasty, it shifted to the examination system to find talented individuals to help govern the country. King Lê Thánh Tông wrote in a decree: “To find talent, the first step is to select those with learning. The examination system is essential. Since our country has been through wars, talents are as scarce as autumn leaves, and talented scholars are as rare as morning stars.

After establishing the nation, Thái Tổ set up schools immediately, though the examination system had not yet been instituted. He followed the example of his predecessor and sought to attract talented individuals to fulfill his aspirations. King Lê Hiển Tông reaffirmed in his decree: “No wise emperor or enlightened monarch has ever failed to prioritize the cultivation of talent, the selection of scholars, and the nurturing of national vitality.”

How do talented individuals with both virtue and skill contribute to the nation’s development today? If we understand “hiền tài” as someone exceptionally capable in a specific field, there are many such individuals today. These are the people who overcome hardships to succeed, the businesspeople who combine talent and integrity to produce high-quality products benefiting the people, the scientists with valuable research that serves society, and the leaders who create policies to advance the economy, politics, and culture for national progress. Together, they form the “national vitality.”

“Hiền tài” is not a spontaneous occurrence. In addition to inherent abilities passed down through families and communities, gifted individuals must be identified, educated, and trained in a structured manner to truly become the “hiền tài” of the nation.

The talented people of a nation are few, but not extremely rare. To cultivate “hiền tài,” the state must implement policies that identify and utilize them properly, along with recognition and appropriate compensation. It must create conditions that allow “hiền tài” to develop their talents and contribute effectively to the country’s prosperity.

Thân Nhân Trung was a talented official, as well as a distinguished writer, poet, and teacher. Throughout his career, Thân Nhân Trung left behind many valuable works, one of which is the essay 'Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation'. In the author’s view, talented individuals are a crucial factor in determining the prosperity or downfall of a nation. Therefore, it is essential to nurture and develop these talents to help the nation grow.

The excerpt 'Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation' was originally a memorial inscription. Its primary purpose is to explain why successive dynasties erected steles for the successful scholars: not only to immortalize the names of those who contributed to the country, but also to inspire future generations to strive and dedicate their talents to the nation.

The central argument of the passage is that 'Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation', emphasizing the crucial role of talent in the prosperity and survival of a nation. To support this argument, Thân Nhân Trung presents a well-structured and profound analysis.

First, the author explores the concept of 'talent'. Talent refers to individuals who possess exceptional abilities and passion, and they use these qualities to contribute to and shape the era. The phrase 'Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation' highlights the importance of talented individuals to a country; when the vital force thrives, the nation progresses, but when it weakens, the country declines.

The term 'vital force' here refers to the essential elements that sustain life and everything in the world. Broadly speaking, vital force is the foundation for the life and development of both individuals and society. Thân Nhân Trung not only affirms the role of talented individuals in the nation but also underscores the importance of nurturing them. Every country has its share of talented people, but whether they can fully contribute to the nation depends largely on society’s attention and support.

For a nation to prosper, its leaders must establish systems that nurture and appreciate talent, offering appropriate recognition and honoring their contributions to society. Timely policies must be in place to support the talented, ensuring national development. On the other hand, failing to acknowledge and utilize talented individuals properly will hinder a nation’s growth and weaken its strength.

In this passage, Thân Nhân Trung also emphasizes the importance of inscribing the names of talented individuals on steles. This act is not only a recognition of their contributions, bringing pride and glory to them for their dedication to the nation's development, but also serves as an inspiration for future generations. The names on the stele encourage others to strive and follow their example.

Moreover, engraving names on steles prevents the corruption and moral decline that might affect talented individuals. It serves as a reminder of virtue and integrity. Thân Nhân Trung further emphasizes that this practice is both necessary and justified, as it not only honors the names of talented individuals but also plays a role in guiding others to adhere to the values of right and wrong.

To make his argument clearer, Thân Nhân Trung uses methods such as listing and contrasting, coupled with a formal tone, helping us understand the importance of inscribing the names of talented individuals on steles.

Thân Nhân Trung provides us with a broad and accurate perspective on the importance of evaluating and utilizing talented individuals in the nation-building process. His logical argumentation and choice of precise, generalizing language enhance the impact of his work.

In today’s era of global integration, the demand for national development is ever-increasing. To stand alongside the world’s great powers with pride, it is crucial to honor those with both virtue and talent, as Thân Nhân Trung mentions in his writing.

The brilliant and distinguished king of the nation, Nguyễn Huệ, once said: "To establish a country, prioritize education. To prosper, make talent the foundation." Mặc Tự shared the same view, affirming: "The more talented individuals a nation has, the more prosperous it becomes." This was not a random statement; it was the result of their reflection on the key elements needed for building and safeguarding a country.

While many shared similar views with Mặc Tự and Nguyễn Huệ, one cannot discuss this topic without mentioning Trần Nhân Tông's famous words: "Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation." This succinct and clear statement encapsulates the essence of what was previously discussed. Through these words, we can better understand the immense value of talent to any nation or society.

First, we need to clarify the concept of 'talent'. What does 'talent' mean? 'Hiền' refers to someone virtuous, possessing integrity and moral character. 'Tài' refers to talent, skill, and the noble qualities of a person. Thus, we can infer that 'hiền tài' are individuals who possess both talent and virtue, akin to the philosophy of President Hồ Chí Minh. These individuals are highly ethical, intellectually gifted, and wholeheartedly contribute to the country, with loyalty, patriotism, and love for the people.

Why did Trần Nhân Tông assert that: "Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation"? The term 'vital force' refers to the latent, inner strength of a nation, capable of propelling it towards prosperity and global prominence. Talented individuals are key to unlocking and utilizing this power.

If we look back at the glorious historical period of our nation, from the establishment to the defense of the country over millennia, we can confidently affirm that Trần Nhân Tông's words are entirely accurate. Kings like Quang Trung, Lí Thái Tổ, and Lê Lợi exemplify the power of talent, intelligence, and virtue in ruling and guiding a country.

These leaders contributed to the independence and progress of our nation during their respective eras. But talent was not limited to the nation's leaders alone. Even those at lower ranks, such as the generals within the royal courts, made significant contributions to safeguarding the country.

Examples include Lí Thường Kiệt, who led the first northern campaign, and General Võ Nguyên Giáp, one of the greatest military commanders in Vietnamese history. Thanks to their presence, we are where we are today.

Shifting our focus to the present, our Party and government continue to strive tirelessly for a prosperous Vietnam, a nation undergoing industrialization and modernization. The truth that 'Talent is the Vital Force of the Nation' remains the cornerstone of the nation's development.

Every year, countless competitions are held to discover outstanding talents, giving them the opportunity to showcase their abilities and grow, such as the Robocon competition, international mathematics contests, and the Đường lên đỉnh Olympia program. The government continues to prioritize talent development and invests in education.

However, alongside this progress, many talented individuals go abroad for education and work, never returning to contribute to their homeland. The country has given them the opportunity to enhance their skills, but in a better environment, they choose not to come back and serve.

Despite the shifting and complex changes the world will face today and in the future, talented individuals will remain critical in these situations. Therefore, each of us must continuously learn, improve, and enhance our knowledge to become beneficial members of society, contributing to the nation's growth and prosperity.

Thân Nhân Trung (1418 - 1499), known by the courtesy name Hậu Phủ, was born in Yên Ninh, Yên Dũng district, now part of Bắc Giang province. He became a doctor of literature in 1469 and was a member of the Tao đàn literary society founded by King Lê Thánh Tông. A man of literary talent, he was trusted by the king in 1484 to draft the "Memorial Inscription of the Doctoral Examination in the Year Nhâm Tuất during the third year of the Đại Bảo era." This document holds significant importance as the general introduction for all 82 doctoral steles at the Temple of Literature in Hanoi.

The phrase "Talented people are the essence of the nation" is excerpted from this inscription, where it states: "Talented people are the essence of the nation; when the essence thrives, the nation grows strong, but when the essence weakens, the nation falters and declines."

The author highlights the role and importance of intellectuals to the nation. This is a wise and accurate observation, shaped by the ups and downs of the nation's history, reflecting the author's far-sighted vision.

What does "talented people" mean? In its literal sense, "talented" refers to someone who behaves well toward others (proper conduct) and fulfills their duties to the best of their ability; "talent" refers to special abilities to accomplish specific tasks. More broadly, "talented people" are those who are knowledgeable, virtuous, and wholeheartedly devoted to the benefit of the people and the country.

What does "the essence" mean? "The essence" is the original energy that sustains all life. In a broader sense, "the essence" refers to the decisive factor in the survival and development of society and the nation. Why are "talented people the essence of the nation"? Talented people are the embodiment of heaven and earth's wisdom, the sacred energy of mountains and rivers, and the nation's traditions. As the ancients said: "The land breeds exceptional people," thus talented individuals are indeed the essence of the nation.

People considered to be "talented" have an immense impact on the rise or fall of a dynasty and the nation as a whole. Historical examples include Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, Trần Quốc Tuấn, Nguyễn Trãi, Giang Văn Minh, Tô Hiến Thành, Chu Văn An, Lê Quý Đôn, Nguyễn Huệ, and in the 20th century, the great President Hồ Chí Minh—who led the successful revolutionary movement to free the nation from colonial and feudal oppression, regaining independence and liberty for the country, and asserting Vietnam's name worldwide.

During the resistance against French colonialism, some intellectuals trained abroad, moved by Hồ Chí Minh's noble self-sacrifice, were willing to forsake lives of wealth and luxury to return home and directly contribute their talents to the national struggle. Engineer Trần Đại Nghĩa, for instance, developed many powerful weapons for the revolution.

Doctors Phạm Ngọc Thạch, Tôn Thất Tùng, and Đặng Văn Ngữ devoted themselves to researching, discovering, and creating precious antibiotics to treat wounded soldiers on the battlefield. Agronomist Lương Định Của spent his life researching and breeding new rice varieties resistant to pests, which boosted crop yields and helped sustain the war effort against the U.S. in the southern battlefront. These are shining examples of "talented people" who are wholly dedicated to the common good of the people and the nation.

As mentioned, "talented people" are vital to the nation's prosperity. However, talent doesn't arise naturally. Beyond innate ability, talented individuals must be discovered and educated under a strict system that helps them understand the true purpose of education: cultivating moral character and fostering mutual compassion, while recognizing their responsibility to society.

In ancient times, Confucianism emphasized that education must start with virtue as the foundation (virtue is the root), while talent is secondary (talent is the branch). Nguyễn Trãi also placed virtue above talent: "Talent is inferior to virtue by a fraction." The great poet Nguyễn Du affirmed: "The heart is worth more than three talents." This sound view remains relevant today. President Hồ Chí Minh once said to students: "A person with talent but without virtue is useless. A person with virtue but no talent will find all work difficult."

"Talented people" must first and foremost possess virtue. In the feudal era, virtue meant loyalty to the ruler and love for the nation. All thoughts and actions of "talented people" should align with these values. Personal gain and selfish desires cannot alter their noble ideals of serving the king and the country.

According to Confucian ethics, they should be exemplars of the true gentleman: "Wealth and honor cannot corrupt them, poverty cannot sway them, and power cannot coerce them." (Wealth cannot change them, poverty cannot alter them, and violence cannot intimidate them). "Talented people" are courageous examples of loyalty to the nation and filial piety to the people. Mạc Đĩnh Chi, a brilliant scholar of the Trần dynasty, was sent to the Northern court where he displayed the unwavering spirit of a nobleman through his brilliant debates.

Giang Văn Minh risked his life to defend the honor of the southern king and the nation's integrity, truly deserving of being a diplomat of Đại Việt. The list of Vietnam's "talented people" is too vast to fully cover, as Nguyễn Trãi wrote: "Though strengths and weaknesses may change over time, great heroes always appear in every era." (Bình Ngô đại cáo)

However, Vietnam's history has seen many fluctuating periods of rise and decline. On the whole, history progresses upward, but there have been times of deterioration and sorrow. The fate of the nation and the land was entrusted to "talented people," but for various reasons, some failed to fulfill the responsibilities assigned by the state. An Dương Vương, despite his powerful fortress of Cổ Loa and magical crossbow, was undone by his overconfidence and ultimately lost his kingdom. Trần Ích Tắc and Lê Chiêu Thống, driven by selfish ambition, cowardly became puppets of the foreign invaders. This is a time when the essence weakens, and the nation falters.

The most important trait of "talented people" is genuine talent. Only those who possess the ability to govern and lead can offer insightful strategies to help the king and the government rule the nation. The military genius of Hưng Đạo Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn played a significant role in the spectacular victories of the Trần dynasty's three wars against the Mongol invaders. The exceptional military and diplomatic skills of Nguyễn Trãi made him the chief strategist for Lê Lợi, pivotal in the victory of the Lam Sơn uprising, driving the Ming invaders out of Vietnam.

One exemplary "talented person" who became an idol not only within the nation but also globally is General Võ Nguyên Giáp. His name is synonymous with the two painful yet glorious wars fought by the Vietnamese people against French colonialism and American imperialism. He brought honor to the nation's history and its indomitable spirit. The Vietnamese people and international friends admire and take pride in him, while even the defeated foes bow in respect.

Throughout history, feudal dynasties have always emphasized the importance of establishing schools and organizing examinations to select talented individuals to serve the nation.

In the "Bình Ngô Đại Cáo" (Great Proclamation of Victory), Nguyễn Trãi stated:

“Heroes are like stars at dawn,

Intellectuals are like leaves in autumn”

to affirm the value of noble men and heroes, as well as those with exceptional talents in the national defense and construction. From ancient times to the present, the role of talented individuals has always been emphasized in any situation or dynasty. In the same vein, in the "Bài kí đề danh Tiến sĩ khoa Nhâm Tuất" (The Inscription of the Doctorate in the Year Nhâm Tuất), dated 1442 during the reign of King Lê Thánh Tông, Thân Nhân Trung wrote: "Intellectuals are the vital force of the nation; when the vital force is strong, the nation is prosperous, but when the vital force weakens, the nation declines."

Indeed, for every nation, intellectuals are the vital force.

The term "intellectuals" refers to individuals who are not only skilled but also possess morality, integrity, and exceptional character. These individuals bring prosperity to their nation. "Vital force" refers to the inner strength or essence of a nation or people in their efforts to build and sustain the nation. In this context, a person who is both talented and virtuous serves as the internal power that drives a nation’s development. Thân Nhân Trung insightfully observed this connection when he stated that when the vital force is strong, the nation rises, and when it weakens, the nation falls.

It can be said that, apart from Thân Nhân Trung, no one else has articulated the link between intellectuals and the rise or fall of a dynasty or nation in such a clear and precise way. He established a strong connection between the strategic approach to education and culture, a concept that remains relevant regardless of the era or dynasty.

Since Thân Nhân Trung made this assertion, it has been adopted by subsequent feudal dynasties as a key principle in national policy concerning education and culture. This idea reinforces the notion that intellectuals directly influence the fate of a nation. It also highlights the government’s role in nurturing and training these intellectuals.

During the reign of King Lê Thánh Tông, the nation thrived in many areas, reaching its peak in national development. During this period, 502 individuals earned the doctorate, including 10 who were ranked the highest. These intellectuals played an essential role in strengthening the country.

Following this rich tradition, President Hồ Chí Minh emphasized the importance of nurturing talented individuals. He once expressed a profound desire: that Vietnam be completely independent, its people completely free, and that every citizen has access to food, clothing, and education. Therefore, once Vietnam gained independence, education became a top priority for the nation. He also emphasized that “an illiterate nation is a weak nation,” urging the youth to study hard in order to stand alongside the world’s greatest powers.

Moreover, Hồ Chí Minh implemented policies to recruit talented individuals into the provisional government. Some notable figures who were both talented and patriotic included Huỳnh Thúc Kháng, Phan Anh, Nguyễn Văn Huyên, Tôn Thất Thuyết, and Nguyễn Hữu Thọ. Hồ Chí Minh’s perspective, which he inherited from the idea of using intellectuals to strengthen the nation's educational foundation, was in line with Thân Nhân Trung’s vision more than 500 years ago.

In conclusion, regardless of the era or system, the training of intellectuals is of paramount importance. It not only improves the lives of individuals but also ensures the nation’s prosperity and vitality.

Today's generation is likely familiar with the fact that Thân Nhân Trung wrote the first inscription at Văn Miêu, where he noted the importance of intellectuals: "Intellectuals are the vital force of the nation; when the vital force is strong, the nation grows and prospers, when the vital force weakens, the nation becomes weak and declines." This thought, as expressed by Thân Nhân Trung, is the central and most important idea about culture and education, found in his inscription for the doctoral candidates of the 1442 Nhâm Tuất exam, under the reign of Đại Bảo, marking the aspiration of the entire nation. This notion emphasizes the importance of intellectuals for a nation’s prosperity.

In his inscription, Thân Nhân Trung specifically speaks of "hiền tài" (virtuous intellectuals), rather than simply "nhân tài" (talented individuals). In the view of the ancients, and according to the author, a "hiền tài" is someone who possesses both talent and virtue: one who is not only knowledgeable and capable of assisting the ruler in governing, but also a person of moral integrity, who dedicates their life to cultivating their character and using their talents for the benefit of the country.

This individual is described as someone who "uses loyalty and righteousness to perfect their name and deeds, practices what they have learned, achieves great accomplishments, and earns the respect and admiration of future generations..." The concept of "vital force" or "nguyên khí" has been discussed in many ancient Chinese texts. The book “Bạch hổ Thông” writes: “The earth is where the vital force originates, the source of all things.” The vital force is seen as a great, expansive energy.

The book “Đường thư” mentions Liễu Công Độ, who was skilled in life preservation and often said: “I have no special technique, I just rely on the vital force to regulate my emotions—love, hate, joy, and anger.” The vital force is considered to govern human disposition. Thân Nhân Trung borrowed this idea, creatively adapting it to emphasize the role of intellectuals in the prosperity of the state.

It can be said that, before the reign of Lê Thánh Tông, no one had raised the issue in such a way as Thân Nhân Trung. While many acknowledged the link between intellectuals and the prosperity or decline of a dynasty or nation, it was Thân Nhân Trung who succinctly formulated this relationship in a strategic approach to culture and education that remains relevant to all ages and regimes.

This idea is reiterated in the inscription for the doctoral candidates of the Đính Mùi exam in 1487, under the reign of Hồng Đức 18: “Without a large number of intellectuals, how could we expect a prosperous and peaceful society?” and “To have a developed education and a flourishing nation, the foundation must be laid with virtuous intellectuals.”

The concept that “Intellectuals are the vital force of the nation,” proposed by Thân Nhân Trung, became a key idea in Vietnam’s cultural and educational policies during the feudal dynasties, beginning with the reign of Lê Thánh Tông. “When intellectuals thrive, politics rise, and the nation's fortune flourishes, becoming ever more profound and enduring.” (Inscription No. 4, Bính Tuất exam, Quang Thuận 7, 1467).

Thân Nhân Trung was a distinguished scholar and official of the royal court, known for his moral integrity, talent, and exemplary teaching. He left behind an extensive body of work, among which his essay "Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia" stands out as a defining piece, firmly establishing his reputation among readers. The central idea in his philosophy is that: "Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia, when the vital energy rises, the nation thrives, but when it wanes, the nation weakens." Therefore, nurturing talented individuals is essential for building a prosperous nation.

"Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia" is an excerpt from a memorial inscription. It explains the significance of erecting steles to honor the names of wise individuals who have devoted their lives to the country. This practice not only commemorates their contributions but also motivates others to join efforts in building a stronger nation, ensuring the people live in prosperity.

The excerpt highlights the central theme: that wise individuals are the vital force of a nation, playing a crucial role in the nation's destiny. The author concludes with the truth: Wise individuals are the vital force of the nation. What does "wise individuals" mean? The author's reasoning is tight and convincing: "Wise individuals are the vital force of the nation; when the vital energy is strong, the nation flourishes, but when it wanes, the nation weakens."

So, what is the vital force? The vital force refers to the fundamental energy that sustains life and drives the development of all things. Broadly, it represents the foundation that supports the survival and growth of society and the nation. Thân Nhân Trung's philosophy not only emphasizes the importance of wise individuals to the country but also stresses the need for attention, education, and the creation of opportunities for them to thrive.

Every nation and society has its own wise individuals. However, whether they can fully utilize their abilities depends on whether they are valued and utilized by the society or country they belong to. A nation and society aiming for progress must nurture and respect its talents, honor their contributions, protect and enhance the values they bring, and create a clean and healthy environment where talents can realize their full potential. Furthermore, it is crucial to offer timely and appropriate recognition and treatment to these individuals.

Only then will wise individuals become abundant, and the nation will truly prosper. On the contrary, if wise individuals are not valued or even destroyed, the nation will lose its talents, leading to stagnation and decline.

The author also discusses the profound significance of inscribing the names of scholars on steles for both contemporary and future generations. Firstly, regardless of how wise individuals are valued, everyone desires their name to be carved on the stone stele as a personal honor for contributing their youth and efforts to the nation, allowing future generations to recognize their contributions.

Secondly, the author affirms the necessity and correctness of erecting steles. In addition to honoring the names of wise individuals and remembering the contributions of those who have made great sacrifices for the country and the people, the purpose of the stele is also to teach the proper principles and prevent corruption among those in power. For talented individuals to become wise, they must be properly trained and utilized by the government, and strict ethical guidelines must be established both now and in the future.

The stone stele will serve as a reminder for wise individuals to be more conscious of their responsibilities toward the nation's prosperity and the welfare of the people. What should the scholar in the humble study do? They must "value themselves," cultivate their virtues and talents, and "strive to repay" the blessings of the wise ruler.

Through the use of repeated listing, contrasts, and a formal yet clear and understandable tone, the author shows the immense value of inscribing names on memorial steles and its significant impact. The talent pool in our country is not vast, but it is not too scarce. However, for them to become true talents, the government and the nation need effective policies. The stone stele will remind wise individuals of their duties toward the nation's prosperity.

With a structured argument and precise use of language, Thân Nhân Trung has left a valuable lesson for future generations on how to identify, evaluate, and effectively utilize talent. Recognizing, investing in, training, and respecting talented individuals—especially the wise—will enable the nation's rapid progress toward a prosperous future.

In today's era of globalization, the demand for national development is more urgent than ever.

To stand alongside strong nations in the region and the world, we need more individuals with both wisdom and virtue. For this reason, Thân Nhân Trung's philosophy must once again be recognized for its correctness and progressiveness. It serves as a guiding principle for building a truly prosperous and thriving nation.

Thân Nhân Trung was a distinguished official of the great dynasty, renowned for his virtues, talents, and exemplary role as an educator of his time. He left behind an extensive body of work, among which "Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia" stands out as a seminal piece. This work not only held significance in the Lê dynasty but remains relevant today, as education is now considered the nation's foremost policy.

The work highlights the meaning and purpose of erecting the doctoral stelae. For a nation to achieve peace, the first step is to honor the outstanding scholars who have contributed immensely to the country, recognizing their efforts as a form of encouragement. The opening of the work commands admiration for the author's modesty and eloquent writing style, stating, "Though I may be shallow and clumsy, I dare not refuse but humbly accept and respectfully submit my humble contribution." This humble approach reflects the writer's own modesty. He then emphasizes the importance of talented individuals for the decline or prosperity of a nation.

Structured, clear, and compelling words follow, asserting, "Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia, nguyên khí thịnh thì thế nước mạnh, nguyên khí suy thì thế nước yếu, rồi xuống thấp…". The author refers to talented individuals as those with broad knowledge and moral integrity. The phrase "Hiền tài là nguyên khí" signifies that those with high intellect and virtue shape the nation's destiny. Talented individuals determine the nation's rise or fall. When talent flourishes, the nation thrives; when talent diminishes, the nation weakens. Such individuals represent the essence of both the land and the people.

The author further emphasizes the significance of nurturing talent, stating, "Therefore, all wise emperors prioritize the cultivation of talent as the first task." He elaborates on this idea with an example, "They favor those who pass the exams and achieve high ranks, granting them great honors, yet still deem it insufficient, like the case of the Pháp Nhạn stupa where the Long Hổ title was awarded, hosting a banquet for Văn Hỉ."

After each exam, the court celebrated the discovery of talented individuals, with the highest honors bestowed. Through concise writing, the author highlights the role of great talents. However, the author also suggests that the recognition and rewards from the court still fall short compared to the immense contributions these scholars have made to the nation.

The author argues for the necessity of inscribing the names of great scholars on stone tablets, ensuring their names and accomplishments are immortalized for future generations. This serves as an encouragement for talented individuals throughout the country, motivating them to serve the king and help expand the nation's borders. "Now, the wise emperor decrees that good deeds and excellent works, though celebrated in their time, are not enough to secure lasting fame. Thus, the stone tablets are erected to immortalize their names at the gates of wisdom, allowing scholars to see and be inspired to uphold their integrity and contribute to the nation. It is not merely about pursuing hollow fame." So what responsibility must a scholar bear in the humble dwelling? They must "strive to repay" the grace of the emperor and the court.

Thân Nhân Trung continues to praise the virtuous scholars, "Some have dedicated their knowledge and governance to promote peaceful rule for decades, trusted by the nation." He also critiques those who, driven by bribery, fall into corruption or associate with evil-doers. He reaffirms the importance of erecting the stone stelae, as perhaps the scholars did not witness it in their lifetime.

Thus, by seeing the stone stelae, virtuous individuals are filled with goodness, while the wicked are deterred. The act of erecting the stelae is highly beneficial: "The wicked take it as a warning, while the virtuous are inspired to follow the past and guide the future, both sharpening their reputation and strengthening the state's foundations."

Through the use of repeated enumeration, contrasting ideas, and a formal yet clear and accessible tone, the author demonstrates the immense impact of erecting stone stelae. Our nation's talent may not be abundant, but it is not scarce either. However, for individuals to truly become national treasures, the court and nation must adopt effective policies. The stone tablet serves as a reminder for talented individuals to be conscious of their responsibility towards the prosperity and decline of the nation.

Reading "Hiền tài là nguyên khí của quốc gia" provides a deeper understanding of the nation's cultural heritage, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and nurturing talent and the profound meaning of erecting the doctoral stelae. The structure of the excerpt is logically coherent, with the opening asserting the role of talented individuals, while the latter section delves into the deeper meaning of inscribing doctoral stelae.

With powerful arguments, contrast, and an artistic use of enumeration, the work moves the reader, encouraging great talents to strive to build the nation. Furthermore, the work not only highlights the importance of talent in the Lê dynasty but stresses that talent will always be crucial in every era, as "when the talent is abundant, the nation is strong, rising high; when the talent diminishes, the nation weakens, sinking low."

Ultimately, the work emphasizes the importance of erecting the doctoral stelae, not only to honor talented individuals but also to ensure their unwavering loyalty to the nation, while serving as a reminder to those with malicious intent to turn their hearts toward righteousness. Thus, erecting the stone tablet is both vital and meaningful.

Thân Nhân Trung's writing serves as a wake-up call for talented individuals to awaken their patriotic spirit and desire to contribute to the nation. This is not just a lesson about building a prosperous nation during the Lê dynasty, but a lesson for today, when education is regarded as the nation's foremost policy.

Thân Nhân Trung, also known as Hậu Phủ from Yên Dũng, Bắc Giang, passed the doctoral exam and became an official under the reign of King Hồng Đức. He was a scholar of remarkable literary talent and high moral integrity, trusted by King Lê Thánh Tông, who appointed him as "Tao đàn phó nguyên suý". The opening sentence reveals that Thân Nhân Trung was entrusted with an important responsibility by the king, conveyed in a tone of respect and humility:

"Though I am shallow and clumsy, I dare not refuse; I respectfully clasp my hands and bow my head to compose this memorial...". The scholars whose names were engraved on the stone tablets at the Temple of Literature were considered intellectuals, those with extensive knowledge, great abilities, and high moral standards. The author affirms that "Intellectuals are the vital force of the nation," emphasizing that this force plays a critical role in the rise and fall of the nation. The author's argument is logical and persuasive: "Intellectuals are the vital force of the nation; when the vital force is strong, the nation will prosper, and when it weakens, the nation will falter".

The beautiful phrasing, profound ideas, elegant language, and the skillful use of classical rhetorical devices are all evident here. This sentence has been repeatedly referenced by historians and widely remembered by many. The more we reflect on it, the clearer we understand: when intellectuals emerge like spring flowers, the nation flourishes, but when "talented individuals are few, like morning stars, and scholars are scarce like autumn leaves," the nation faces hardship and decline.

Thân Nhân Trung then discusses the importance of nurturing intellectuals as a top priority, a key national policy: 'Therefore, wise and enlightened rulers have always made the cultivation of intellectuals, selecting scholars, and nurturing the nation's vital force their first task.' Since 1439, the Lê Dynasty implemented numerous policies to honor and respect scholars, such as "elevating academic titles and enhancing ranks".

Furthermore, "they would inscribe names on the Nhạn Tower, bestow the title Long Hổ, and host the Vân Hỉ banquet." After each examination, the court celebrated the success of scholars, with actions such as displaying names, erecting honor boards, awarding robes and horses, hosting banquets, and celebrating the return of distinguished scholars to their ancestral homes.

However, these efforts were still insufficient, so King Lê Thánh Tông, the enlightened ruler, decided to engrave the names of the scholars on stone tablets placed at the entrance to the Temple of Literature, with the aim of "inspiring scholars to strive for moral integrity and diligently assist the king." The profound significance of "erecting stone tablets with names at the entrance of Hiền Quan" reflects the nation's dedication to training intellectuals and nurturing its vital force, a value deeply esteemed by our ancestors, not merely a pursuit of empty praise. What then should be the responsibility of the "scholar in the humble study"? They must "value their own dignity" and focus on both moral and intellectual development, "striving to repay the grace of the wise and enlightened ruler".

After praising the scholars who "used their knowledge and governance to enhance the stability of the state for many years, earning the nation's trust," Thân Nhân Trung sharply criticizes "those who, accepting bribes, have fallen into corruption and joined the ranks of the wicked".

At the conclusion of the essay, the author highlights the profound benefits of erecting the stone tablets at the Temple of Literature: "The wicked take it as a warning, while the virtuous use it as guidance, learning from the past to direct the future, both to refine the reputation of scholars and to strengthen the state's foundations." The argument is sharp, the reasoning coherent, and the tone formal, making it clear that the act of erecting stone tablets to honor scholars holds deep meaning for the nation.

In his "Bình Ngô đại cáo", Nguyễn Trãi proudly wrote:

"Our Đại Việt, from ancient times,

Has long been known for its culture."

Reading the essay "Intellectuals are the vital force of the nation" deepens our understanding of the nation's cultural heritage. The act of "nurturing intellectuals, selecting scholars, cultivating the vital force, and erecting stone tablets" has greatly contributed to the flourishing of our cultural foundation. The historical lesson drawn from engraving the names of scholars on stone tablets teaches us to prioritize education as the nation's guiding principle, valuing the cultivation of intellectuals, and honoring scholars in the pursuit of industrialization and modernization of the country.