Top 10 Analytical Essays on the Work "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" by Phan Bội Châu

“Thi dĩ ngôn chí” - poetry as a means to express ambition and reveal the heart. Thus, the stature of such poetry ultimately depends on the stature of the ambition it conveys. Ambition is not fleeting bursts of emotion, nor borrowed aspirations. True ambition must be backed by deeds.

There may be unfinished endeavors, but even their incompletion testifies to a grand ambition that dared to act, not mere empty words. This is what ensures the value of poetry. Otherwise, poetry becomes mere exaggerated, hollow rhetoric, cheap bravado, if it lacks a grand ambition, or if that ambition is not tied to a noble character and a significant life.

Historically, poetry that directly expresses great ambitions is often associated with heroes and noble figures. Their poetry is a declaration of their lives. Before they carved their personas into their verses, they had already etched themselves into the annals of history. They are often likened to majestic birds like swans or cranes, contrasted with sparrows or finches. In their poetry, they emerge as eagles soaring across vast skies and seas.

Their posture is grand, cosmic, whether it’s “Hoành sóc giang san cáp kỉ thu” (Holding a spear to protect the land for years - Phạm Ngũ Lão) or “Kỉ độ long tuyền đới nguyệt ma” (Countless nights sharpening a sword under the moon - Đặng Dung), or “Trường khiếu nhắt thanh hàn thái hư” (A loud cry chilling the void - Không Lộ Thiền Sư). These lines carry the heroic spirit of an entire nation.

In this tradition, Phan Bội Châu’s “Xuất dương lưu biệt” embodies the heroic ambition of one of Vietnam’s finest sons. The concept of masculinity in this poem is not unique to Phan Bội Châu but reflects the Confucian ideals of earlier times, as seen in the works of Nguyễn Công Trứ.

What stands out is that Phan Bội Châu did not merely theorize this concept but lived it fully before putting it into verse. Thus, “Xuất dương lưu biệt” is not just a philosophical statement but a portrait of an extraordinary individual. The opening lines:

To be a man, one must stand out in this world,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate.

The word “lạ” (stand out) in the translation doesn’t fully capture the essence of “kì” (extraordinary) in the original. “Kì” implies achieving remarkable, exceptional feats. The phrase “ở trên đời” (in this world) also falls short, as it limits the scope to the human realm, whereas the original evokes a cosmic scale.

In the second line, the grandeur of the universe emerges, positioning the hero in relation to heaven and earth, not just humanity. Thus, from the outset, the poem sketches the image of a hero who refuses to passively accept fate but seeks to alter the course of the cosmos.

The following lines expand this image into the dimension of time:

In a span of a hundred years, I must play my part,

For after millennia, who else will there be?

Here, Phan Bội Châu asserts his historical role with pride and confidence. He sees himself as indispensable to his century, a man destined to change the course of history. The word “tớ” (I) in the translation reflects the original’s “ngã” (I), emphasizing a strong sense of individuality.

The poet’s self-portrait emerges against the vast backdrop of time and space, a majestic and awe-inspiring figure. Few have depicted themselves in such a grand cosmic context. Yet, the first four lines only hint at the need to “stand out” without specifying the extraordinary deeds required. The next four lines begin to clarify this.

The couplet:

With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain.

These lines declare that the nation is dead, and living under foreign rule is a disgrace. The phrase “Giang sơn tử hĩ” (The nation is dead) is filled with pain and anger. The next line asserts that without sages, even learning is futile. These lines reject the status quo, declaring that continuing to study or live passively in such times is shameful for a true man.

Thus, the only worthy action is to go abroad, to seek a way to revive the dead nation and alter the course of history. The poem’s final lines complete the portrait of this extraordinary individual:

To cross the Eastern Sea on the wings of the wind,

Through endless waves, I set sail.

These lines depict the hero as an eagle spreading its vast wings to brave the storms of the open sea. The imagery recalls the heroic stance in Quận He’s poetry: “Soaring straight through endless skies, breaking free to join the sun.” But Phan Bội Châu’s lines are no mere metaphor; they reflect the real-life actions of the Đông Du movement, which he spearheaded, to seek a way to revive the dead nation and change the course of history.

The poem concludes with a line brimming with heroic ambition, though the translation cannot fully capture its essence: “Thiên trùng bạch lãng nhất tề phi” (Through endless white waves, I soar). Thus, being a true man is not about seeking fame but about achieving extraordinary deeds, such as saving the nation and its people. Phan Bội Châu’s lofty aspirations reveal the greatness of his character.

“We can say that in the history of Vietnam’s national liberation, before President Ho Chi Minh, Phan Bội Châu was a monumental figure” (Tôn Quang Phiệt). Phan Bội Châu was the soul of the liberation movements in the first 25 years of the 20th century. His name is immortalized through patriotic organizations like the Duy Tân Association, the Đông Du Movement, and the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội. His legacy includes hundreds of poems, dozens of books, several funeral orations, and a few plays, all brimming with patriotic spirit. “Phan Bội Châu, whose poetry stirred waves” (Tố Hữu).

In 1900, Phan Bội Châu earned the highest distinction in the Nghệ An provincial exams. In 1904, he founded the Duy Tân Association, a patriotic organization. In 1905, he initiated the Đông Du Movement. Before embarking on his journey to China and Japan to seek support for his grand ambitions, he left his comrades with the poem “Lưu biệt khi xuất dương” (Farewell Upon Going Abroad), written in Chinese and following the classical seven-word, eight-line Tang poetry style.

This poem is a heroic anthem expressing the determination and noble ideals of Phan Bội Châu as he set out to save the nation. The opening lines declare his lofty aspirations:

To be a man, one must achieve the extraordinary,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate.

Proud to be a man, he believed one must live meaningfully, striving to accomplish remarkable feats. He rejected a passive existence, refusing to let the universe dictate his life. These lines reflect a beautiful mindset of masculinity, confident in one’s virtue and talent, aspiring to great deeds that could alter the course of the world, as he expressed in another poem:

With arms outstretched, I embrace the vast universe,

With a laugh, I dissolve all enmity.

Connecting these lines to Phan Bội Châu’s revolutionary career, we sense the heroic spirit of this great poet. The man who sought to achieve extraordinary feats was inspired by an ancient verse:

Every meal, I vow to leave my mark in history,

To establish oneself, literature is the least.

(From “Tùy Viễn Thi Thoại” by Viên Mai)

This man, driven by a burning passion, once wrote: “Heaven endowed me with a fiery spirit. As a child, reading my father’s books, whenever I came across passages about ancient martyrs, tears would stream down, soaking the pages” (From “Ngục Trung Thư”). In the next lines, the poet asserts his role in society and history:

In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?

Here, “ngã” (I) signifies the poet’s pride in his role during a time of national crisis. The rhetorical question emphasizes the enduring impact of one’s actions. These lines highlight the individual’s responsibility in shaping history, a theme echoed by great historical figures like Trần Quốc Tuấn: “Even if my body lies in the grass, my remains wrapped in horsehide, I am content.”

Phan Bội Châu’s poem contrasts the finite lifespan of a person with the infinite span of history, creating a tone of determination and aspiration. Despite countless trials and dangers, he remained unyielding and optimistic:

As long as I live, my mission remains,

No danger can deter me.

In the following lines, the poet reflects on life, death, and legacy. This was a radical idea during the dark years of French colonial rule. When the nation was subjugated, living under foreign domination was a disgrace. In such times, even the wisdom of sages seemed futile. Phan Bội Châu prioritized national liberation above all, urging others to abandon outdated scholarly pursuits and embrace a higher ideal. In his 1927 New Year’s message to the youth, he passionately called on them:

Those with ambition, strive from this day forward,

Set aside your books and cultivate your spirit.

Do not indulge in leisure, luxury, or gluttony,

Summon your courage to shatter iron and fire,

Wash away the stain of slavery with your hot blood...

To live thus is to live nobly. Only then can one achieve the extraordinary and affirm: “In a hundred years, there must be a place for me.” The poem concludes with a soaring, romantic vision:

Chasing the moon, I ride the long wind to the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I soar.

Phan Bội Châu’s poetry was a tool for inspiring patriotism and hatred of oppression. His works resonated deeply because they were filled with emotion, fervor, and vivid imagery celebrating love for the nation and heroic ideals. The final lines exemplify this:

The long wind and the endless white waves are grand symbols. The revolutionary’s spirit is captured in the verbs “nguyện trục” (wish to pursue) and “nhất tề phi” (soar together). The vast East Sea represents the boundless space the poet seeks to conquer. The rising and falling tones of the poem reflect the resolute determination of Phan Bội Châu as he set out to save his country. Here, the poet’s inner strength, courage, and voice unite harmoniously. His revolutionary career has left a legacy that inspires admiration for the ideals expressed in these final lines.

“Lưu biệt khi xuất dương” is a masterpiece brimming with passion. It is the proud voice of a patriot who loved his country and people, willing to sacrifice everything for national liberation. The poem’s majestic and heroic tone is most evident in its concluding lines. It profoundly captures the patriotic fervor and heroic ideals of the great revolutionary Phan Bội Châu.

Phan Bội Châu is recognized as the first figure in Vietnamese history to consciously use literature for revolutionary propaganda. He pioneered the genre of political lyricism, with his poem "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" (Farewell Upon Going Abroad) standing as a quintessential example.

This poem was written during a Lunar New Year gathering at his home in 1905, as he bid farewell to friends and comrades before departing for Japan. "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" reflects the grand, innovative, and deeply responsible ideas of the author, showcasing his fervent determination as he embarked on a journey abroad to "seek national restoration."

The concept of masculinity has been a recurring theme in literature since ancient times, particularly emphasized during the feudal era and the flourishing of Confucianism. A true man must achieve fame and success to be considered worthy. As Phạm Ngũ Lão wrote in "Tỏ lòng" (Confession):

"The debt of fame for a man remains,

Ashamed to hear tales of Vũ Hầu."

Similarly, Nguyễn Công Trứ expressed:

"The ambition of a man spans north, south, east, and west,

To wield strength across the four seas."

To be acknowledged as a true man, one must strive, achieve merit, gain renown, and demonstrate prowess across the world. Building on this Confucian ideal, Phan Bội Châu articulated a bold declaration of masculinity:

"To be a man, one must achieve the extraordinary,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate."

First, he argued that a man must be "extraordinary," meaning he must live differently from others, standing out uniquely. "Extraordinary" also implies achieving remarkable feats, capable of altering the course of the universe. This reflects an active lifestyle, refusing to succumb to circumstances but instead shaping them through one’s strength.

The lyrical persona dares to confront the cosmos, the heavens, and the universe to assert himself, striving to fulfill his dreams of fame. Phan Bội Châu harbored the ambition to reshape the universe rather than letting it dictate his fate. He refused to surrender to destiny or circumstances, using his abilities to change his reality.

His concept of masculinity embodies the spirit of a man who stands tall in the universe, daring to challenge heaven and earth. This larger-than-life figure, with a cosmic stature, carries a profound sense of personal responsibility toward the times:

"In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?"

Within the finite span of a hundred years, Phan Bội Châu sought to contribute to his nation, achieving extraordinary feats worthy of eternal recognition. He asserted his individuality, not as a selfish ego but as a responsible, proactive self dedicated to a greater cause.

The harmonious contrast between the infinite nature of time and the finite human lifespan in these lines underscores his affirmation. He aimed to accomplish extraordinary deeds, leaving his name in history to honor the ideal of masculinity he embraced. Contributing to the world was both a duty and a responsibility for a true man.

Within a hundred years, a man must fulfill his ambitions, and for a thousand years thereafter, leave a legacy. These lines serve as a rallying cry, inspiring individuals, especially the youth, to dedicate themselves to the nation’s salvation and seek new paths for the people. In the context of the nation’s plight, Phan Bội Châu emphasized the responsibilities of a man toward the nation’s destiny:

"With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain!"

When the country is invaded, and its sovereignty lost, living becomes a disgrace. Scholarship and learning lose their meaning when the nation’s independence is compromised. National liberation was his foremost priority, as he was acutely aware of the times. Books held no value when the country was in ruins. The most urgent task was to find a path for the nation to escape colonial exploitation.

Phan Bội Châu was a patriot who hoped the Đông Du movement he led would yield significant benefits for the nation. Additionally, these lines aimed to awaken patriotic individuals, urging them to reshape the universe and alter the nation’s fate. The concluding lines of the poem reflect the determination and resolve of the patriotic revolutionary Phan Bội Châu:

"I wish to chase the long wind across the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I set sail."

He harbored a grand ambition to follow the long wind across the East Sea. This aspiration reflects the will, desire for action, and stance of the lyrical persona. The man seeks to soar with the wind, keeping pace with the times. "East Sea," "long wind," and "white waves" are majestic, heroic images symbolizing Phan Bội Châu’s desire to transcend the dark reality and find a way to save the nation.

The author "wishes" to overcome all hardships and challenges to reach his goal, fulfilling the ideal of masculinity. Though Tôn Quang Phiệt’s translation does not fully capture the essence of "nhất tề phi" (soar together), it conveys the author’s strength, fervent patriotism, and fighting spirit.

In the context of a new era, individuals must adopt progressive ideas and actions to find the right path for national liberation. For Phan Bội Châu, this new path led to Japan, where he sought to study and prepare a strong force to seize the opportunity for national independence.

Written in the classical seven-word, eight-line Tang style, the poem exudes a heroic tone, brimming with passion and the power to inspire patriotic youth. "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" captures the mindset and aspirations of a revolutionary at the dawn of the 20th century, portraying a lyrical persona with a fresh, dynamic spirit of the times.

Phan Bội Châu (1867–1940), born Phan Văn San and also known as Sào Nam, hailed from Đan Nhiệm village, now Nam Hoà commune, Nam Đàn district, Nghệ An province. He was born and raised during a time of national turmoil, witnessing the failure of the Cần Vương movement against French colonial rule. The decline of the feudal system brought with it the collapse of an outdated Confucian ideology. This situation posed a critical question for patriotic intellectuals: What path should be taken to save the nation? Amidst the gloom that enveloped the country, glimmers of hope emerged through the introduction of Western revolutionary and democratic ideas, which starkly contrasted with traditional Confucian teachings. These new ideas offered tantalizing hints of a fresh approach to national salvation and a promising future. Thus, progressive Confucian scholars like Phan Bội Châu and Phan Chu Trinh boldly stepped forward, undeterred by danger and hardship.

Phan Bội Châu was among the first patriots to pave the way for the national liberation struggle under the banner of bourgeois democracy. Although his efforts did not achieve ultimate success, he remains a shining example of ardent patriotism and unwavering determination.

During his lifetime, Phan Bội Châu did not regard literature as the primary purpose of his existence. However, in the course of his revolutionary activities, he actively wielded this sharp spiritual weapon to propagate, inspire, and ignite the patriotic spirit of his compatriots. His literary talent, fervent passion, and revolutionary experience laid the foundation for his emergence as a great writer and poet, producing outstanding works such as "Việt Nam vong quốc sử" (1905), "Hải ngoại huyết thư" (1906), "Ngục trung thư" (1914), "Trùng Quang tâm sử" (1913–1917), and "Phan Bội Châu niên biểu" (1929).

In 1904, he co-founded the Duy Tân Association with his comrades. In 1905, the association initiated the Đông Du movement, sending outstanding young Vietnamese to Japan for education, aiming to prepare a core revolutionary force and seek external support. Before his departure, Phan Bội Châu composed the poem "Xuất dương lưu biệt" (Farewell Upon Going Abroad) to bid farewell to his friends and comrades. The original Chinese text reads:

Sinh vi nam tử yếu hi kì,

Khẳng hứa càn khôn tự chuyển di.

Ư bách niên trung tu hữu ngã,

Khởi thiên tải hậu cảnh vô thùy.

Giang sơn tử hĩ sinh đồ nhuế,

Hiền thánh liêu nhiên tụng diệc si!

Nguyện trục trường phong Đông hải khứ,

Thiên trùng bạch lãng nhất tề phi.

Translated into Vietnamese:

To be a man, one must stand out in this world,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate.

In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?

With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain!

I wish to chase the long wind across the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I set sail.

With a passionate and stirring tone, "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" captures the romantic and heroic spirit of the revolutionary Phan Bội Châu, showcasing his bold, innovative ideas, fervent enthusiasm, and burning desire as he embarked on his journey to save the nation. The poem begins with an affirmation of masculinity:

To be a man, one must stand out in this world,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate.

The original Chinese line, "Sinh vi nam tử yếu hi kì," uses the term "hi kì" to denote rarity, uniqueness, and extraordinariness, emphasizing the grandeur and significance of the tasks a man must undertake. This reflects the Confucian ideal of masculinity.

Before Phan Bội Châu, many had explored the concept of masculinity in poetry. Phạm Ngũ Lão of the Trần dynasty once lamented: "The debt of fame for a man remains, / Ashamed to hear tales of Vũ Hầu" ("Tỏ lòng"). In "Đi thi tự vịnh," Nguyễn Công Trứ asserted: "Having a name under heaven and earth, / One must leave a mark on mountains and rivers," and emphasized: "The ambition of a man spans north, south, east, and west, / To wield strength across the four seas" ("Chí khí anh hùng").

Phan Bội Châu’s concept of masculinity resonated with the youth of his time due to its boldness, decisiveness, and romantic fervor. For him, being a man meant achieving extraordinary feats. The first line affirms this, while the second, with its exclamatory tone, reinforces the idea: A man must actively shape the course of the universe and the times, not passively observe changes or resign himself to mediocrity.

This sentiment echoes the aspirations expressed in his earlier poem "Chơi xuân": "The nation still paints the face of a man, / Born in this era, one must shape the times." The lyrical persona in "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" emerges clearly through the opening lines—a figure of cosmic stature, acutely aware of his responsibility to shoulder great burdens.

This individual dares to confront the universe to assert himself. Phan Bội Châu’s vision of masculinity transcends the traditional Confucian ideals of fame and loyalty, reaching toward a broader and nobler social ideal.

This inspiration and ideology, rooted in the Confucian ideals of serving the ruler and benefiting the people, are progressive and revolutionary. While the natural order dictates that fate turns as it will, Phan Bội Châu harbored the ambition to actively shape the universe, refusing to let it dictate his path. This refusal to submit to fate or circumstance endowed the lyrical persona with a grand stature and a defiant, heroic posture.

The following lines express the poet’s sense of personal responsibility as a pioneering revolutionary:

In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?

The third line not only acknowledges the persona’s existence but also implies a deeper conviction: His presence is not accidental or futile; thus, he must accomplish something significant and beneficial. The fourth line suggests that a thousand years later, someone will surely continue the work of those who came before. The "citizen self" of the author is positioned between the finite span of a human life and the infinite flow of history.

The assertion of "there must be a place for me" is not for personal gratification but to contribute meaningfully as a man and leave a legacy for posterity. The rhetorical question reinforces the poet’s fervent desire to contribute and his understanding that history is a continuous stream, requiring the efforts of successive generations. The first four lines, with their grand imagery of the universe, a hundred years, and a thousand years, reflect a romantic inspiration that fuels the persona’s strength and conviction.

In the early 20th century, after repeated failures in anti-colonial uprisings, a sense of pessimism and despair weighed heavily on the hearts of patriotic Vietnamese. A resigned mentality spread widely. In this context, "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" served as a clarion call to awaken patriotism and inspire resistance against foreign invaders. In the following lines, Phan Bội Châu situates the ideal of masculinity within the historical reality of his time:

With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain!

The poet’s distinction between honor and disgrace is tied to the survival of the nation: "With the nation dead, living is but shame." This aligns with the sentiment expressed in Nguyễn Đình Chiểu’s 19th-century patriotic writings: "It is better to die with honor than to live in disgrace."

The fifth line conveys a resolute attitude, expressed through heroic language and the stark contrast between life and death. It embodies the unyielding spirit of those who refuse to accept a life of slavery and humiliation. The sixth line reflects Phan Bội Châu’s candid assessment of the bitter reality of Confucian education’s impact on the nation’s plight. The teachings of sages offered no solace in a time of national ruin, and clinging to them was futile. While Phan Bội Châu did not entirely reject Confucian learning, his bold critique was remarkable for a former disciple of Confucianism.

This courage and clarity stemmed from his deep patriotism and burning desire to find a new path to liberate the nation from suffering. Phan Bội Châu believed the immediate task was to save the nation and its people through modernization, embracing revolutionary and progressive ideas. The poem is not merely a declaration of intent but a depiction of the persona’s departure:

I wish to chase the long wind across the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I set sail.

The majestic imagery in the final lines—the East Sea, the long wind, and the endless white waves—merges with the persona’s soaring spirit. In the original, lines seven and eight form a cohesive poetic idea: The persona chases the long wind across the East Sea, and the vast universe’s "endless white waves" rise with him ("Thiên trùng bạch lãng nhất tề phi").

This creates a grand tableau, with the persona at its center, propelled by a lofty aspiration to rise above the dark, harsh reality and soar amidst the boundless sky and sea. Beneath the eagle’s wings, the towering waves seem to lend their strength, carrying the persona toward the horizon of his dreams. This epic imagery ignites hope and faith in a new generation.

In reality, Phan Bội Châu’s departure was a secretive affair, witnessed only by a few close comrades. Though the path ahead was dimly lit by the faint glow of dreams, the departing revolutionary was filled with eagerness and confidence. The poem’s persuasive power lies in the fiery passion burning within the lyrical persona.

"Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" portrays the hero at the moment of departure, standing tall against the cosmos. This hero is acutely aware of his "citizen self" and is deeply troubled by the fate of the nation and its people.

Written with symbolic and hyperbolic techniques, the poem effectively serves its purpose of inspiring and motivating. Its tone is both profound and fervent, blending the intensity of a war cry with the resonance of an epic. The pain, optimism, fervor, and revolutionary spirit breathe life into every word, line, and image. The poem’s heroic tone has a profound impact, awakening and stirring its audience.

This farewell poem is also a call to action, urging others to join the journey. Its grandeur matches the stature of a man revered and trusted by an entire nation. In his 1925 work "Những trò lố hay là Va-ren và Phan Bội Châu," Nguyễn Ái Quốc (Hồ Chí Minh) hailed Phan Bội Châu as a hero, a divine messenger, and a self-sacrificing figure for independence, revered by twenty million enslaved compatriots.

In the early 20th century, as Vietnam lost its sovereignty and the Cần Vương movement failed, the winds of bourgeois democracy breathed new life into patriotic youth. They discovered fresh ideals and set out with a strong belief in their nation. Among these revolutionary figures was Phan Bội Châu, whose departure was marked by heroism. Before leaving for Japan, he wrote the poem "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" (Farewell Upon Going Abroad) as a farewell. This poem stands out as a remarkable piece in Phan Bội Châu’s literary legacy.

"To be a man, one must stand out in this world,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate."

The opening lines introduce a new perspective on masculinity and the role of individuals in society. A true man must live extraordinarily, achieve greatness, dare to shape the universe, and confront challenges head-on rather than living passively, mundanely, and insignificantly.

One must assert their place in life and not surrender to fate. As Nguyễn Công Trứ once declared: "To be a man standing under heaven and earth, / One must leave a mark on mountains and rivers." Thus, Phan Bội Châu expressed a noble and progressive ideology. From this, the poet became acutely aware:

"In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?"

This new perspective fostered a sense of individual responsibility tied to a self-aware "I." The poet affirmed his sacred and lofty mission in life, deeply conscious of his significant responsibilities. He rejected a bland, uneventful existence, striving instead to live a life of contribution, pride, and distinction, leaving a legacy for posterity. The fourth line’s negation serves to firmly affirm his philosophy of life.

Grand, majestic imagery like "heaven and earth," "a hundred years," and "a thousand years" highlights the poet’s fervent desire to live and contribute. Beyond recognizing his responsibilities, Phan Bội Châu also expressed a resolute attitude toward the times:

"With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain."

With his burning patriotism and keen insight, Phan Bội Châu clearly understood the nation’s plight. The distinction between honor and disgrace reflects the anguish of a man witnessing his country’s downfall. Like other revolutionaries, he grappled with the future path of the nation, seeking ways to save it. He soberly recognized the reality: with sovereignty lost, even "sages" could do little. The poetic translation here does not fully capture the original’s intensity.

The original text conveys Phan Bội Châu’s decisive, forceful stance: "If sages are absent, even reading books is futile!" While he did not entirely lose faith in Confucian learning, he astutely acknowledged its limitations. This realization was partly influenced by the influx of bourgeois democratic ideas into Vietnam. Facing this reality, Phan Bội Châu ignited fervent, determined aspirations:

"I wish to chase the long wind across the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I set sail."

The final lines depict the heroic, romantic stance of a man setting out to save his nation. Majestic imagery like "East Sea," "long wind," and "endless white waves" enhances the grandeur of his departure. However, the poetic translation does not fully capture the beauty of this scene.

"Tiễn ra khơi" (setting sail) suggests a mundane farewell, while "Ngàn đợt sóng bạc cùng bay lên" (a thousand white waves rising together) paints a grand tableau with the individual at its center, surrounded by the vast universe, propelling his dreams. In reality, this departure was quiet and secretive, but through the poem, the author conveys a confident, heroic stance, assured of the nation’s future. This image is a beautiful blend of epic and romantic inspiration in literature.

The poem is celebrated for its compelling power, not only due to its innovative ideas but also its artistic brilliance. Written in the classical seven-word, eight-line Tang style, it aligns perfectly with Phan Bội Châu’s purpose of "expressing ambition." The grand, majestic imagery fully captures the poet’s aspirations and sense of responsibility. The tone is dynamic, passionate, and forceful.

Thus, the poem constructs the image of a revolutionary hero, blending heroism and romance. With his fervor and deep patriotism, Phan Bội Châu became not only a revolutionary but also a great literary figure, deserving of reverence from future generations.

Phan Bội Châu is widely recognized as a patriotic revolutionary and a leader of numerous national movements. Although his path was fraught with challenges and ultimately ended in failure, he remains a shining example for future generations. Beyond being a revolutionary, Phan Bội Châu was also a talented artist with many notable works.

In 1905, the Duy Tân Association initiated the Đông Du movement, sending outstanding young Vietnamese to Japan. This effort aimed to prepare a core revolutionary force and seek external support. On the eve of his departure, Phan Bội Châu composed the poem "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" (Farewell Upon Going Abroad) to express his views and emotions to his comrades.

In "Xuất dương khi lưu biệt," Phan Bội Châu employed poetic language rich in emotional resonance. The revolutionary figure in the poem embodies a blend of romanticism and heroism. As he set out to find a path to save the nation, the bold and innovative ideas of the revolutionary patriot were passionately conveyed. The poem begins with an affirmation of masculinity:

"To be a man, one must stand out in this world,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate."

Previously, Nguyễn Công Trứ had spoken of masculinity, stating that a man must leave a mark on mountains and rivers. Now, Phan Bội Châu redefined this concept, emphasizing that a man must achieve extraordinary feats. This "extraordinary" feat can be understood as standing up against enemies. A man must take initiative, not passively allow fate to dictate his life. This message urged the youth to be bold and resolute. Phan Bội Châu’s vision of masculinity transcended the traditional Confucian ideals of fame and loyalty, reaching toward a broader and nobler social ideal.

This inspiration likely stemmed from the Confucian ideal of serving the ruler and benefiting the people, but its revolutionary nature made it more progressive. While the natural order dictates that fate turns as it will, Phan Bội Châu refused to accept this. He sought to actively shape the universe, not let it dictate his path. This refusal to submit to fate or circumstance is evident in the following lines, where the poet expresses his responsibility toward history and the nation’s destiny:

"In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?"

The third line not only acknowledges the persona’s existence but also implies a deeper conviction: His presence is not accidental or futile; thus, he must accomplish something significant and beneficial. The fourth line suggests that a thousand years later, someone will surely continue the work of those who came before. The ideal of masculinity is not merely a personal aspiration but is grounded in the historical reality of the time:

"With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain."

In different eras, the concept of masculinity varies. In times of peace, it may involve academic success and officialdom, but in times of war, scholarly pursuits lose their relevance. If the nation falls into enemy hands, what use is education? Living without a nation is a disgrace. This reflects the ideals of the era. For Phan Bội Châu, the immediate task was to drive out the invaders. The final lines express the poet’s desire to venture into the vast ocean:

"I wish to chase the long wind across the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I set sail."

The imagery in these lines evokes a cosmic scale, magnifying the poet’s resolve and ambition. Everything seems to merge and ascend together.

"Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" has the power to move hearts and inspire the spirit of soldiers of the time. It is a masterpiece from which not only the previous generation but also our generation and those to come can draw valuable lessons.

Phan Bội Châu (1867–1940) was a great patriot and revolutionary of the nation, always burning with the desire to find a new path to save his people. Despite his exceptional literary talent, he did not see literature as his career path. Instead, he used it to voice the revolution and the plight of a nation suffering in poverty and misery, urging patriotic youth to rise up and save the country. This patriotic spirit is vividly expressed in his work "Lưu biệt khi xuất dương" (Farewell Upon Going Abroad), composed in 1905 before his departure to Japan.

Written in classical Chinese and following the seven-word, eight-line Tang style, the poem carries a classical form but a modern spirit, reflecting the mindset of a progressive Confucian scholar. It conveys a noble ideal of life, a lesson in humanity, and a heroic anthem of masculinity, portraying a lyrical persona with romantic and heroic beauty.

True to this beauty, Phan Bội Châu begins the poem not with sentimental farewells but with ambitious lines that reflect his burning desire to master the universe and reshape the cosmos:

"To be a man, one must stand out in this world,

Not let heaven and earth dictate one’s fate."

These two lines embody a beautiful ideal: humans must take control of history and actively confront circumstances. To "be a man" is to affirm the spirit of youth, to live extraordinarily, to achieve great deeds that leave a lasting legacy, and to bring prosperity to the nation. One cannot live selfishly, indulging only in personal pleasures. Before Phan Bội Châu, many outstanding figures had spoken of masculinity with fervent passion—"Nam nhi vị liễu công danh trái / Tu thỉnh nhân gian thuyết Vũ hầu" (Phạm Ngũ Lão).

However, Phan Bội Châu’s lines serve as both a rhetorical affirmation of masculinity and a challenge: Should a man stand idly by, letting heaven and earth dictate fate while he remains uninvolved? These opening lines reveal a progressive, courageous way of life, ready to challenge the cosmos, embodying the heroic spirit of the revolutionary Phan Bội Châu. This spirit resonates even more powerfully in the following lines:

"In a hundred years, there must be a place for me,

How can a thousand years pass without a trace?"

The lyrical persona is acutely aware of his responsibility to humanity and the vast universe. In this "hundred years," someone must be willing to serve the revolution and noble ideals that bring peace to the people. "A hundred years" symbolizes a human lifespan, a life that "I" must take responsibility for.

The author’s self is filled with responsibility; "I" must achieve something meaningful for the world. "I" cannot shirk this duty or rely on others. This sense of responsibility highlights history as a continuous flow, requiring the collective efforts of many generations.

"How can a thousand years pass without a trace?"—this line poses a question not only to the poet but also to the patriotic youth of the nation. Yet, it also expresses faith in future generations who will achieve extraordinary feats and ensure the nation’s eternal prosperity. The poem’s heroic tone reflects the persona’s confidence and underscores his role, urging patriotic revolutionaries to action. The contrast between honorable death and disgraceful life is further explored in the next lines:

"With the nation dead, living is but shame,

With sages gone, learning is in vain."

These lines convey the poet’s pain and sorrow. At a time when the nation has lost its freedom and sovereignty, the priority is no longer scholarly pursuits. The poem does not disparage learning but advises aligning actions with the times. A lost nation means a broken home, with people suffering in poverty and moral decay, causing those with a sense of duty to grieve deeply.

Using skillful contrast, the poet links his personal fate to the nation’s honor and disgrace. This imagery reflects both romantic beauty—a profound understanding of the times—and the heroic spirit of a man driven by fervor to lift the nation from misery. The final lines capture the persona’s determination:

"I wish to chase the long wind across the East Sea,

Through endless white waves, I set sail."

The extraordinary task the persona has been preparing for is about to begin. With eager determination to embark on the journey to save the nation, the poet moves beyond the shame and anguish of the previous lines, stepping onto the boat ready to set sail. The "long wind" and "white waves" symbolize the romantic beauty of the challenges ahead. Yet, these images are depicted with a heroic, soaring tone.

The persona’s mindset is one of readiness to dive into a new path, to rise with the surging waves that flash in his mind. He does not see these as obstacles but as companions, rivals to test his strength and skill. His fervor to save the nation and its people overshadows his anxieties.

The departure is filled with grandeur and determination, brimming with strength. The poem’s concluding imagery is heroic and romantic, capturing the bold stance of a man stepping into a new era. The departing figure places great hope in the path he has chosen.

This poem is both a farewell and a rallying cry, calling for new revolutionary ideals and inspiring the patriotic youth of a vibrant generation, with the distant promise of a prosperous and happy life for all.

The lyrical persona in the poem is a beautiful representation of a progressive Confucian scholar in the early 20th century, driven by the ideal of saving the nation, the desire to live and fight for the people, and faith in a bright future. The majestic imagery of the vast universe further highlights the romantic and heroic beauty of the departing figure—the patriotic revolutionary Phan Bội Châu.

Phan Bội Châu (1867-1940), born in Đan Nhiễm Village, Nam Hòa Commune, Nam Đàn District, Nghệ An Province, demonstrated exceptional talent and a deep sense of patriotism from a young age. He was profoundly influenced by the Confucian ideal of active engagement in societal affairs and carried a strong sense of duty toward achieving fame and fulfilling the responsibilities of a man.

He actively participated in various anti-French movements and, after numerous failures, recognized the flaws and weaknesses in the organizational methods of patriotic movements at the time. This led him to advocate for a capitalist approach to national salvation. He envisioned sending outstanding Vietnamese youth to countries like Japan and China to learn and return to aid their homeland, a movement known as Đông Du, organized under the Duy Tân Association.

Phan Bội Châu's progressive ideas in national salvation seemed to illuminate a path for early Vietnamese revolutionaries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, though the results fell short of expectations. Beyond his revolutionary contributions, Phan Bội Châu was also a renowned poet and writer in the early 20th century, producing a vast body of work that laid the foundation for Vietnam's revolutionary literature, later elevated to its peak by Tố Hữu.

"Farewell upon Going Abroad" is a quintessential example of Phan Bội Châu's literary style, embodying not only the revolutionary ideals of a patriotic intellectual but also marking the beginning of his capitalist-inspired quest for national salvation.

Written in 1905 before Phan Bội Châu and other elite youths embarked on their journey to Japan, the poem serves as both an encouragement for those leaving and a reinforcement of hope and faith for those staying behind, envisioning a brighter future for the nation. It vividly captures the spirit of a Confucian scholar with a profound love for his country, determined to repay his debt to society during a time of national crisis and historical upheaval.

The opening lines of the poem clearly express the author's perspective on the role of men in a new era, one filled with turbulence that demands a transformation in willpower to carve out a unique path for oneself and the nation while maintaining the integrity of a true Confucian scholar and a passionate revolutionary.

"To be a man, one must stand out in this world / How can one let the universe shift on its own?"

Phan Bội Châu believed that a man, with his broad shoulders and tall stature, must create something extraordinary in life, refusing to settle for a mundane existence confined to stagnant waters. Instead, he must strive to distinguish himself through noble ideals, grand dreams, and aspirations that span the four directions.

A true man must dare to challenge himself, break free from comfort zones, overcome obstacles, and transcend all limitations with courage and determination to achieve great success and accomplish remarkable feats that few can match. To live a life worthy of the title "man," one must contribute to society and repay the debt of fame, avoiding a meaningless and obscure existence.

This notion of manhood in the new era is further emphasized in the line, "How can one let the universe shift on its own?" It reflects a strong will, a defiant attitude, and a desire to challenge and match the universe, asserting that a man must take control of his destiny decisively and boldly. This line conveys the bold and confident spirit of a true hero, unyielding and fearless.

Phan Bội Châu's poetry not only expresses his own aspirations but also serves to inspire the youth of the new era, urging them to rise, self-strengthen, and pursue noble ideals in service of the nation, elevating themselves to the level of the universe and casting off a mundane life confined to fields and ponds.

In the following lines, "In a hundred years, I must play my part / Will there be no one in the millennia to come?" the author reflects on the responsibility of men toward their country and people, a debt of fame that must be repaid. Especially in times of national crisis, when invaders threaten sovereignty, the youth must stand up to serve their homeland.

The phrase "a hundred years" alludes to both a human lifespan and a century of turmoil for the nation, marked by the decline of feudalism and Western imperialism's invasion, causing immense suffering for the people. "In a hundred years, I must play my part" underscores the author's recognition of his role in the nation's revival and protection.

As a man, endowed with strength and broad shoulders by nature, one must live up to the expectations of the universe and the title of "man." While the previous line affirms the importance of men in turbulent times, the next line, "Will there be no one in the millennia to come?" poses an open question, expressing the author's hope and encouragement for future generations of youth.

Phan Bội Châu used his own aspirations and noble ideals as a shining example, laying the groundwork for the progressive revolutionary path of the nation and Vietnamese youth. He awakened in them a sense of revolutionary spirit, patriotism, and the responsibility of young men, instilling confidence to face challenges head-on.

In the next couplet, Phan Bội Châu reveals his advanced understanding as a patriotic Confucian scholar and a new-style revolutionary in the face of national decline, the deterioration of feudalism, and the fading relevance of Confucian education.

"The nation is lost, living brings only shame / Where are the sages? Learning is futile."

"The nation is lost" refers to the loss of national sovereignty and the decline of feudalism, as the country suffers while its leaders cower and appease Western invaders to cling to their luxurious lives, ignoring the fate of the nation and its people. A nation without sovereignty or freedom, with a corrupt and puppet feudal court, is on the brink of destruction.

Thus, the author's statement that "the nation is lost" is not unfounded, especially for someone with such strong patriotism and revolutionary ideals as Phan Bội Châu, who finds this situation utterly shameful. The next line, "Where are the sages? Learning is futile," further highlights the author's character and awareness.

Although Phan Bội Châu was deeply influenced by Confucian education from a young age, unlike some stubborn scholars who clung to outdated dreams, he was among the first to confront the issue, exposing the backwardness of Confucianism and identifying the root causes of the nation's weakness.

While Confucianism is undeniably a vast treasure trove of knowledge, in the current context, it only offers illusory hopes with no practical value in defeating invaders and reclaiming national sovereignty. Rejecting Confucianism, which had been integral to his life, was undoubtedly a profound pain for the author. However, as a patriotic intellectual with noble ideals and unwavering determination, no personal pain could surpass the pain of losing one's country.

As a man, he felt compelled to contribute to the nation's revival through progressive means rather than clinging to past glories. This reveals the free, bold, and resilient spirit of a true patriot, willing to sacrifice everything and endure personal pain for the sake of the nation and its people, to repay the debt of fame.

Finally, in the concluding lines, "I wish to cross the Eastern Sea with the wind / Countless white waves escort me to the open sea," the image of the patriotic intellectual setting sail to distant lands to seek new knowledge and return to serve the nation is depicted with a confident and heroic demeanor.

The imagery of the "Eastern Sea" and "countless white waves" evokes a vast and open space, reflecting the author's love for life and his grand aspirations to venture into the wider world. The stature of the man becomes majestic and prominent against the backdrop of nature, symbolizing the pride and powerful spirit within the lyrical subject.

"Farewell upon Going Abroad" is a profound and meaningful poem, expressing the lofty ideals of a revolutionary in a new era and serving as an encouragement to awaken patriotism, national pride, and the confidence and aspirations of Vietnamese youth during a time of national turmoil.

It can be said that "Farewell upon Going Abroad" is one of the first poems with a revolutionary lyrical direction, paving the way for the nation's revolutionary literature to reach its peak in later years.

Phan Bội Châu is recognized as the first figure in Vietnamese history to consciously use literature for revolutionary propaganda and mobilization. He is also credited with pioneering political lyrical literature. Among his works, the poem "Farewell upon Going Abroad" stands out as a quintessential example.

This poem was written during a Lunar New Year meal hosted by Phan Bội Châu at his home to bid farewell to friends and comrades before his departure to Japan in 1905. "Farewell upon Going Abroad" reflects the author's grand and innovative ideas, filled with a sense of responsibility, and demonstrates his eagerness and determination as he embarked on his journey abroad to "seek national restoration."

The concept of a man's ambition has been a recurring theme in literature since ancient times, particularly emphasized during the feudal era when Confucianism flourished. A man was expected to achieve fame and success to be considered worthy. As Phạm Ngũ Lão wrote in "Declaring My Feelings":

"The debt of fame for a man remains / I am ashamed to hear the tales of Vũ Hầu."

Similarly, Nguyễn Công Trứ once wrote:

"A man's ambition spans north, south, east, and west / To exert his strength across the four seas."

To be acknowledged as a true man, one must strive to achieve merit, gain recognition, and demonstrate strength "across the four seas" to prove one's talent and capability. Building on this Confucian ideal, Phan Bội Châu articulated a bold declaration of a man's ambition:

"To be a man, one must stand out in this world / How can one let the universe shift on its own?"

First, he argued that a man must be "different," meaning he must live distinctively, not resembling anyone else, to create a unique identity. "Different" also implies achieving extraordinary feats, capable of moving heaven and earth. This reflects an active lifestyle, refusing to be deterred or discouraged by circumstances, and instead having the courage to shape one's destiny. The lyrical persona dares to confront the universe, asserting himself and striving to fulfill his dreams of fame.

Phan Bội Châu harbored the ambition to shift the universe rather than letting it "shift on its own." He refused to surrender to fate or circumstances, using his abilities to change his reality. His concept of a man's ambition embodies the spirit of a hero who stands tall in the universe, daring to challenge heaven and earth. This larger-than-life figure carries a profound sense of personal responsibility in the face of historical events:

"In a hundred years, I must play my part / Will there be no one in the millennia to come?"

In the limited span of a hundred years, Phan Bội Châu sought to contribute to his country, achieving extraordinary feats to earn his place in history. He asserted his individuality, embodying a sense of responsibility and proactive engagement, rather than a self-centered focus on personal gain.

The two central lines contrast the infinity of time with the finitude of human life, using negation to highlight the author's affirmation. He aimed to achieve greatness, leaving his name in history to honor the ideal of manhood he embraced. Contributing to society was both a duty and a responsibility for a true man.

Within a hundred years, a man must fulfill his ambition, and for millennia to come, he must leave a lasting legacy. These lines serve as a call to action, inspiring individuals, especially young men, to dedicate themselves to the nation's salvation and find a new path for the people. In the context of the nation's plight, Phan Bội Châu emphasized the responsibility men must bear for the country's fate:

"The nation is lost, living brings only shame / Where are the sages? Learning is futile!"

With the country invaded and its sovereignty lost, living only brings disgrace. Books and educated individuals become meaningless when the nation's independence is compromised. Phan Bội Châu prioritized the mission of national liberation, recognizing the urgency of the times. Books held no value when the country was in ruins. The most pressing task was to find a path for the nation to escape colonial exploitation.

Phan Bội Châu was a patriot who hoped the Đông Du movement he led would yield significant benefits for the nation. Additionally, these lines aimed to awaken patriotic individuals, urging them to shift the course of history. The concluding lines of the poem reflect the determination and resolve of the patriotic intellectual Phan Bội Châu on his chosen path to national salvation:

"I wish to cross the Eastern Sea with the wind / Countless white waves escort me to the open sea."

He aspired to chase the long wind across the Eastern Sea, symbolizing his will and desire for action. The imagery of the "Eastern Sea," "wind," and "white waves" evokes a grand, heroic vision, representing his ambition to rise above the dark reality and seek a path to national liberation.

The author "vowed" to overcome all hardships and challenges to achieve his lofty ideals, fulfilling the ambition of a true man. Though Tôn Quang Phiệt's translation does not fully capture the essence of "nhất tề phi," it conveys the author's strength, fervent patriotism, and fighting spirit.

In the context of a new era, individuals must adopt progressive ideas and actions to keep pace with the times, ensuring the discovery of the right path to national liberation. For Phan Bội Châu, this new path led to Japan, where he sought to prepare a strong force to seize the opportunity for national independence.

Written in the classical seven-word, eight-line form, the poem carries a heroic tone, brimming with passion and the power to inspire patriotic youth. "Farewell upon Going Abroad" captures the mindset and aspirations of an early 20th-century revolutionary, portraying a lyrical persona imbued with the vigor and spirit of the era.

Phan Bội Châu (1867-1940), a name that resonates with beauty and significance in history. “We can say that in the history of the Vietnamese people's liberation, before President Hồ Chí Minh, Phan Bội Châu was a great figure” (Tôn Quang Phiệt). Phan Bội Châu was the soul of the movements for national liberation during the first 25 years of the 20th century.

His name is closely associated with patriotic organizations such as the Duy Tân Association, the Đông Du movement, and the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội. Phan Bội Châu’s legacy includes hundreds of poems, dozens of books, several funeral orations, and a few plays, all brimming with patriotism. "Phan Bội Châu, whose poetry stirred waves" (Tố Hữu).

In 1900, Phan Bội Châu achieved the highest rank in the provincial exam in Nghệ An. In 1904, he founded the Duy Tân Association, a patriotic organization. In 1905, he initiated the Đông Du movement. Following the principles of the Duy Tân Association, which he established, he traveled to Japan to seek a path for national salvation.

The poem "Farewell upon Going Abroad" was written as a farewell to his comrades at the start of his journey. This poem stands as a shining milestone in the career of the revolutionary Phan Bội Châu. Written in classical Chinese, in the seven-word, eight-line form, it expresses the determination, enthusiasm, and noble aspirations of the patriot Phan Bội Châu as he embarked on his mission to save the nation. The opening lines declare his lofty ideals:

"To be a man, one must stand out in this world / How can one let the universe shift on its own?"

Proud to be a man, he believed one must live meaningfully, striving to achieve something extraordinary. He rejected a mundane, passive existence, where one simply lets the universe unfold without purpose. The poem reflects a confident and ambitious spirit, determined to achieve greatness and reshape the world, as he expressed in another poem:

"With open arms, I embrace the world of economics / With a smile, I dissolve the cycle of hatred."

When connected to his revolutionary career, these lines reveal the heroic tone of this great patriot. A man must create something extraordinary in life, as he once reflected in an ancient verse:

"Every day, I aspire to leave my mark in history / The lowest form of achievement is through literature."

This man, who sought to achieve the extraordinary, was driven by a "boiling blood," as he described in his prison writings: "Heaven has endowed me with a fervent spirit; as a child, reading my father’s books, I would weep at the stories of ancient heroes, my tears staining the pages."

In the following lines, the poet asserts his role in society and history:

"In a hundred years, I must play my part / Will there be no one in the millennia to come?"

"I" refers to himself: "must have a role in this century." The poem expresses immense pride in the face of national loss. "A thousand years later," will history not remember anyone? These lines contrast the finite span of a human life with the infinite flow of history, emphasizing the individual's responsibility to history. This noble idea echoes the sentiments of great historical figures:

"Even if my body is left in the wild, wrapped in horsehide, I will gladly accept it" ("Hịch tướng sĩ" - Trần Quốc Tuấn).

"Since ancient times, no one has escaped death / But my loyal heart will shine through history" (Văn Thiên Tường).

By juxtaposing the finite "hundred years" of a human life with the infinite "thousand years" of history, Phan Bội Châu creates a resolute and heroic tone, reflecting his determination and aspirations as he set out on his journey. Despite countless challenges and dangers, he remained unyielding and optimistic:

"As long as I live, my mission continues / What fear do I have of danger?" ("Reflections in Quảng Đông Prison").

In the next section, the poet reflects on life and death, and the concept of fame. This was a revolutionary idea in the dark period of French colonial rule. When the nation was lost, its people lived in humiliation. In such times, even the pursuit of knowledge and scholarly achievement seemed meaningless. The teachings of the sages were of little use in the struggle for national liberation:

"The nation is lost, living brings only shame / Where are the sages? Learning is futile."

Phan Bội Châu prioritized the mission of national liberation. He spoke with passion and sincerity, urging people to abandon the pursuit of hollow fame and instead strive for noble ideals. In his "New Year's Greeting to the Youth," written in 1927, he passionately called on the young:

"Those with ambition, strive from this day forward / Set aside your books and cultivate your spirit / Do not indulge in play, clothes, or food / Rise with courage to shatter iron and fire / Pour your hot blood to wash away the stain of slavery..."

To live thus is to live beautifully. Only by living this way can one achieve the extraordinary and affirm: "In a hundred years, I must play my part." The concluding lines crystallize the romantic spirit of the poet:

"I wish to chase the long wind across the Eastern Sea / Countless white waves escort me to the open sea."

Phan Bội Châu’s poetry was a tool for patriotic propaganda, stirring love for the nation and hatred for the enemy. His works became anthems of patriotism, filled with emotion, fervor, and vivid imagery celebrating national pride and heroic ideals. The final lines are a powerful example: "The long wind" and "countless white waves" are majestic images.

The revolutionary spirit is conveyed through the verbs "wish to chase" and "escort." The vast space the patriot seeks to cross is the "Eastern Sea." The sharp tones at the end of the seventh line (Đông hải khứ) tighten the rhythm, while the softer tones at the end of the eighth line (nhất tề phi) lift it, creating a soaring effect.

This interplay of tones reflects Phan Bội Châu’s resolute determination to save the nation. Here, the inner strength, fighting spirit, and heroic tone of the revolutionary are harmoniously united. Phan Bội Châu’s revolutionary career has left a legacy that inspires admiration for the ideals expressed in these final lines.

"Farewell upon Going Abroad" is a masterpiece filled with passion. It is the proud voice of a patriot who loved his country and people, willing to sacrifice himself for the cause of national liberation. The poem’s tone is resolute and heroic, with the final lines standing as its most magnificent expression. It deeply embodies the patriotic fervor and heroic ideals of the great revolutionary Phan Bội Châu.