Top 10 Best Explanatory Essays on the Poem 'Phú sông Bạch Đằng' by Trương Hán Siêu (Literature 10)

The literature of the Ly-Tran period is home to several monumental works, such as Nguyễn Trãi's timeless “Bình Ngô đại cáo” and the “Hịch tướng sĩ” of General Trần Quốc Tuấn, but one cannot overlook the famous poem “Phú sông Bạch Đằng” by Trương Hán Siêu.

Trương Hán Siêu, also known as Thăng Phủ and Đôn Tẩu, was born in an unknown year, but he passed away in 1354. He hailed from Phúc Am village in Yên Ninh district, Trường Yên province (now part of Ninh Bình town, Ninh Bình province). He started as a follower of Trần Hưng Đạo and played a key role in two major resistance wars against the Mongol invasions (1285 and 1288), which earned him recognition at the royal court. Throughout his career, he served under four Tran emperors: Anh Tông (1293-1314), Minh Tông (1314-1329), Hiến Tông (1329-1341), and Dụ Tông (1341-1369). He was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister of State and also served in various regions such as Lạng Giang (Bắc Giang) and Châu Hóa (Thừa Thiên - Huế). Renowned as a scholar, Trương Hán Siêu was also the first to openly criticize Buddhism, paving the way for Confucianism to rise. In 1353, he was assigned to oversee the defense of Hóa Châu (Huế), where he initiated the construction of fortifications to resist the Cham forces. In 1354, he fell ill and requested to retire, but tragically passed away before reaching his home. He was posthumously honored with the title of Grand Tutor and enshrined at the Temple of Literature in Thăng Long, alongside the likes of Chu Văn An and other revered sages of the past.

Trương Hán Siêu was a prolific writer, producing works in a variety of genres such as legal writings, poems, essays, and prose, all in classical Chinese. His legacy includes four poems and three notable essays, including “Dục Thuý sơn khắc thạch,” “Linh Tế Tháp ký,” “Khai Nghiêm tự bi,” and the well-known “Bạch Đằng giang phú.” Among these, “Phú sông Bạch Đằng” stands out as his most famous work and remains one of the most iconic works of classical Chinese poetry from the Tran period. This poem consists of 32 stanzas and two ballads, celebrating the majestic beauty of the Bạch Đằng River and recounting the historic victories achieved against foreign invaders who attempted to conquer this land.

The exact date of composition for “Phú sông Bạch Đằng” is uncertain, but it is believed to have been written about fifty years after the successful resistance against the Mongol-Yuan forces. The poem reflects on the history of the Bạch Đằng River, a symbol of the nation's victorious struggles against powerful foreign invaders, from the defeat of the Southern Han forces under Ngô Quyền to the triumphs of the Trần dynasty against the Mongols. Although written in the traditional form of a 'phú,' with rhythmic structure, the language of the poem is relatively free and unconstrained by rigid poetic rules. The work expresses the author's nostalgic emotions towards the glorious victories of the Trần dynasty's army and people, even as the dynasty was facing decline. It embodies both pride and sorrow, while also contemplating the inevitability of change in the cycles of nature and history. The poem is divided into two sections: a monologue with the guest and a dialogue between the guest and the elders by the river. This structure creates two layers of characters— the guest, a representation of the author himself, and the elders, who can be either real figures from history or imagined characters, symbolizing the collective wisdom of the past. The use of these fictional dialogues allows the author to indirectly express his reflections on the nation, the people, and the river of history. The triumph at Bạch Đằng is depicted as a heroic saga, where the sounds of battle and the clash of swords blend into an anthem of pride, only to eventually fade into deep reflection:

“Heaven and Earth created this treacherous place.”

“The talents of men safeguard the peace of the land.”

“Here at this river, their faces turn to the past.”

“Remembering the heroes, tears now stain the ground.”

The song of the elders affirms the eternal existence of the historic river and the glorious victories associated with it, while simultaneously asserting the timeless truth that injustice will ultimately be defeated, and only heroes will live on in history. The 'guest' also joins in this proud sentiment, reinforcing the belief in the significant role of individuals in maintaining peace and order. This is a progressive and deeply humanistic view. Regarding the poem's content, “Phú sông Bạch Đằng” reflects national pride and love for the country, celebrating the victories on the Bạch Đằng River and praising the indomitable spirit and moral integrity of the Vietnamese people. It also conveys a profound humanistic philosophy that emphasizes the importance of individuals in shaping history. Artistically, the poem employs vivid historical imagery, a sense of nostalgia, and the literary techniques of linked rhyme and dialogue. The innovative use of the characters 'guest' and 'elders' exemplifies the poet's sensitivity to history, his deep affection for his country, and his creative use of literary forms. It represents the zenith of the classical 'phú' form in Vietnamese literature.

Vietnamese literature naturally gave rise to the poetic tradition of Bạch Đằng, with Trương Hán Siêu's “Bài phú sông Bạch Đằng” marking a shining landmark on this eternal poetic journey, one that future generations will forever revere.

The history of a nation is not only defined by military victories and triumphs over foreign invaders, but also by the deep cultural heritage embedded in its literature. When we speak of poems that carry the heroic spirit of an era long past, one cannot overlook the famous “Phú sông Bạch Đằng” by Trương Hán Siêu. Although written long ago, it continues to be remembered today as a powerful anthem of the Trần dynasty.

Trương Hán Siêu, hailing from the land of Ninh Bình, is remembered as a loyal follower of the brilliant general Trần Quốc Tuấn, having played a key role in resisting the Mongol invasions. He was a man of both talent and virtue, earning the respect of the Trần kings who called him “teacher.” Known for his free-spirited nature and deep love for his country, he carried a sense of sorrow for the nation’s history. Through “Phú sông Bạch Đằng,” readers are transported back in time, experiencing the grandeur of the nation’s past victories while feeling the poignant reflections of someone deeply connected to its history.

This poem is not only famous from the time of the Trần dynasty but is also considered one of the finest classical Chinese poems of Vietnam's medieval period. Scholars suggest it was likely written during the later years of the Trần dynasty.

Structured in the ancient style of the 'phú,' the poem can be divided into three sections.

The first part introduces the character of the “guest,” a figure who embodies a free-spirited wanderer, drawn to explore the beauty of the natural world:

"The guest is one who:

Hoists the sail and lets the winds guide

Glides over the sea, lost in the moon's glow

In the morning, sails toward Nguyên and Tương

In the evening, visits Vũ Huyệt

Jiujiang, Wuhu, Three Ngô, Hundred Viet"

These famous places are not only landmarks of historical significance but also symbols of cultural pride. From this, the reader understands another facet of the “guest”: a soul deeply attuned to art and freedom, a scholar who seeks to travel both to admire the world and to expand his knowledge. Despite having traveled far, his longing for new horizons remains:

"Yet the desire to roam the four corners still burns

So he lets go of the oar in the flowing river

Following the teachings of Tử Trường, he seeks the pleasure of wandering"

The “guest” wishes to learn from Tử Trường, the great historian, whose passion for studying the nation's culture and history serves as a model. From here, the author shifts to the real-world beauty that entices the guest when he reaches the Bạch Đằng River:

"The river stretches endlessly, waves like mighty storms

The graceful tail of the pheasant in full bloom

The water and sky share the same hue, the scenery pure as autumn

The banks are lined with reeds, the dock stands silent

The river's depths conceal broken spears, the hills are littered with ancient bones"

The river reveals itself in many forms—majestic, graceful, yet also desolate and haunting. The “guest” is overwhelmed with complex emotions: pride, sadness, nostalgia:

"Grieved by the absence of heroic souls

Saddened that the marks of old heroes linger but are forgotten"

After introducing the character of the “guest,” the author moves on to the story of the elders, who recount the victories at Bạch Đằng:

"This is the battlefield where Trùng Hưng's two saints trapped Ô Mã

It is the same ground where Ngô chúa defeated Hoằng Thao long ago

At that time:

Boats in thousands, banners fluttering high

Six armies, their spears and swords gleaming bright

The battle's outcome still unknown

Fortifications faced off from north to south

The sun and moon dimmed their glow

The sky seemed ready to change"

The author carefully selects images and references that highlight the defeat of the enemy and the glorious victory of the Vietnamese forces. There is a sense of pride and exhilaration in the words of the elders, contrasted with the reflective composure of the “guest.” The elders use the flow of the river to symbolize the eternal shame of the enemy, while also affirming that Vietnam's victories will forever shine:

"Though the river flows endlessly today

The enemy's shame cannot be washed away"

After the story, the elders offer a final reflection on the causes of the victory: the right time, the right place, and most importantly, the contribution of the people—a notion that blends progressiveness with humanism:

"Indeed, Heaven and Earth gave us this strategic spot

And thanks to human talent, we secured peace"

Finally, the poem concludes with a song from the elders and the guest. The elders, filled with pride and belief in the eternal truth, sing of the everlasting waves of Bạch Đằng River, flowing toward the East Sea through the ages. The “guest” joins in, praising the great deeds of the Trần kings while also highlighting the vital role of human ability and virtue in ensuring victory.

By crafting the characters of “master” and “guest,” and blending vivid imagery, classical references, and a mix of narrative and lyricism, the poem breathes life into the heroic spirit of the East A. “Phú sông Bạch Đằng” not only inspires patriotism and national pride, but also reminds us to honor and build upon the legacy left by our ancestors!

I take immense pride in my homeland and its rich tradition of defending the nation. This is a country steeped in a deep sense of patriotism, where victories are shaped by an unyielding national spirit. The glorious triumph of Ngô Quyền at Bạch Đằng River is a prime example, proving our nation's strength. This victory has been immortalized in the works of poets, with Trương Hán Siêu's ‘Phú sông Bạch Đằng’ capturing its essence.

Trương Hán Siêu, whose exact birthdate is unknown, passed away in 1354. Known as Thăng Phủ, he hailed from Phúc Am village in present-day Ninh Bình. He was a scholar under the Trần dynasty and a loyal follower of General Trần Quốc Tuấn, contributing significantly to the defense against the Mongol invasions. Despite not achieving the highest academic honors, he was revered for his profound scholarship, strong Confucian beliefs, and resistance to the growing influence of Buddhism, earning him respect from the ruling Trần family.

The ‘Phú sông Bạch Đằng’ is written in the classical phú style, which blends prose and poetry, typically focused on lyrical descriptions. The form is renowned for its grandiose imagery, symbolic representation, and deep philosophical musings. Though the style originated in China, it has evolved in Vietnam to be more accessible and relatable. The poem is divided into two categories: the ancient style and the regulated style.

Trương Hán Siêu's poem was composed following the victory at Bạch Đằng, during the reign of Trần Dụ Tông, when the Trần dynasty was in decline. Despite his prestigious position as a high-ranking official, he felt the weight of his inability to restore the dynasty’s former glory, leading him to reflect on the historic triumph of Bạch Đằng with a sense of reverence.

The poem consists of four main sections: an introduction, an explanation, a reflection, and a conclusion. The introduction captures the guest’s awe at the Bạch Đằng River's beauty, while the explanation recounts the battle from the elders' perspective. The reflection contains the elders' thoughts on the factors that led to the victory, and the conclusion is a song of celebration by both the elders and the guest, emphasizing the importance of human virtues.

The guest, a persona reflecting the author, appears as someone immersed in nature’s beauty, sailing through expansive waters under the moonlight. The imagery evokes famous places in both China and Vietnam, such as the Five Lakes, Ngũ Hồ, and Bạch Đằng, alongside specific landmarks like Cửa Đại, Đông Triều, and other iconic locations. Words like ‘drifting,’ ‘absorbed,’ and ‘yearning’ appear frequently, evoking a sense of freedom and artistic exploration. The landscape alternates between the majestic beauty of the river and the desolate, somber remnants of the battlefield.

The Battle of Bạch Đằng is narrated by the elders, contrasting the resolute strength of the Trần soldiers with the arrogance of the invading forces. The Trần soldiers are described as fierce and determined, while the enemy is depicted as overconfident and dismissive of the Vietnamese resistance.

The elders reflect on the favorable circumstances that contributed to the victory—timing, terrain, and the unmatched talent and virtues of the people. The poem underscores the role of figures like Trần Quốc Tuấn, whose leadership and wisdom were pivotal in the battle’s success.

The elders' final song celebrates the eternal flow of Bạch Đằng River, symbolizing the lasting impact of the victory and the enduring truth that ‘Injustice fades, but heroes' names live forever.’ The guest joins in, expressing pride in the beauty of the land and reaffirming the importance of individual heroes in defending the nation.

‘Phú sông Bạch Đằng’ masterfully blends nostalgic lyricism with epic storytelling, capturing the heroic spirit of the Trần dynasty and their triumph at Bạch Đằng. It serves as a reflection on heroism, patriotism, and the continuing responsibility to build a strong, united nation.

Trương Hán Siêu is an important figure and a cultural icon of Vietnam. When discussing his literary career, it is impossible to overlook his masterpiece, ‘Phú sông Bạch Đằng’ (The Poem of Bạch Đằng River) – a monumental work in the history of Vietnamese literature.

Born in Phúc Am village, Yên Ninh district (now Phúc Thành ward, Ninh Bình city), Trương Hán Siêu was a renowned scholar and a loyal follower of General Trần Hưng Đạo. He was known for his resolute character and deep knowledge, passing away in 1354. Trần Quốc Tuấn (General Trần Hưng Đạo) died in 1300, which suggests that by then, Trương Hán Siêu was an adult, likely over 18 years old. Historical records mention that Trương Hán Siêu made significant contributions during the two Mongol invasions, with various references noting his key role in these defense efforts.

In terms of his political career, Trương Hán Siêu’s bravery and intellect earned him high regard. After his triumphs in the defense against the Mongols, he was appointed as a Hàn Lâm Scholar by King Trần Anh Tông in 1308. Later, during the reign of Trần Dụ Tông, he continued to hold important government posts. In 1353, he fell ill while leading the military in Hóa Châu (modern-day Huế) and, after returning home, passed away before reaching the capital. The king, deeply saddened by his loss, posthumously granted him the title of ‘Thái Bảo.’ In 1363, he was honored in the National Temple of Literature alongside the great sages of old.

Trương Hán Siêu was a man of vast knowledge, a patriot admired by the Trần kings. In his youth, he opposed Buddhism, but the king, understanding his conviction, still appointed him to manage a large temple. In his later years, however, he became a devout Buddhist, and his writings reflected these spiritual shifts. His surviving works include 17 poems, including ‘Cúc hoa bách vịnh’ (A Hundred Verses on Chrysanthemums), ‘Hoá Châu tác’ (Poems written in Hoá Châu), ‘Dục Thuý sơn’ (The Mountain of Dục Thuý), and ‘Quá Tống đô’ (Passing Through the Capital of the Song). His prose works include two significant pieces: ‘Khai Nghiêm tự bi ký’ (Inscription of the Khai Nghiêm Temple) and ‘Dục Thuý sơn linh tế tháp ký’ (Inscription of the Dục Thuý Mountain Pagoda), both written in classical Chinese. Additionally, his contributions to Vietnamese legal and historical thought include works like the ‘Hoàng triều đại điển’ and ‘Hình thư,’ co-authored with Nguyễn Trung Ngạn, which laid the foundations for the feudal legal system in Vietnam.

His literary legacy, though not extensive, is marked by the lasting impact of ‘Bạch Đằng Giang phú,’ a masterpiece of classical Chinese poetry. Every word of this poem exudes a fierce hatred for the invaders and an unwavering determination for independence. ‘Bạch Đằng Giang phú’ (The Poem of Bạch Đằng River) stands not only as one of Trương Hán Siêu’s finest works but also as a defining achievement of patriotic literature during the Lý-Trần dynasties. It represents the pinnacle of poetic expression in the ‘phú’ genre, blending a deep sense of national pride with artistic brilliance. The poem reflects the enduring valor of the Vietnamese people, celebrating their unyielding spirit in the face of adversity. The sentiment is clear in the lines: ‘When the enemy is defeated, peace is everlasting, / The land’s strength lies not only in its terrain but also in its virtuous people.’

The enduring relevance of ‘Bạch Đằng Giang phú’ lies in its profound reflection on the fate of the Trần dynasty and, more broadly, the destiny of the Vietnamese nation. Written in the classical ‘phú’ style, the poem features a dialogue between a guest and the local elders of Bạch Đằng, combining an appreciation of nature with a deep reverence for the history and heroism of the land. The guest, drawn to the river not only for its natural beauty but also for its historical significance, engages with the elders, who were either witnesses to or participants in the legendary battle. The guest’s role reflects the author’s own admiration for the nation’s heritage, akin to the historian Sima Qian of ancient China.

In terms of artistic style, the work is marked by its straightforward structure, fluid language, and vibrant imagery. The tone alternates between the grandeur of heroic triumph and the meditative quality of philosophical reflection.

It can be said that Trương Hán Siêu’s intellectual depth, patriotism, and the respect he earned from the Trần kings are fully reflected in ‘Bạch Đằng Giang phú,’ which rightfully remains one of the greatest works of Vietnamese literature.

"Bạch Đằng Giang Phú" stands as one of the masterpieces in ancient Vietnamese literature. Artistically, it represents the pinnacle of poetic mastery. In terms of its intellectual content, it is a work brimming with patriotism, boundless ambition, a deep sense of national pride, and a profound historical philosophy that reflects on the reasons behind the nation's success in defending its sovereignty.

Trương Hán Siêu was a towering figure of the Trần dynasty. His given name was Lăng Phủ, and he hailed from Phúc Am village in Ninh Bình province. As a young man, he served as a retainer to the great military leader Trần Quốc Tuấn, taking part in the second and third Mongol invasions. He held various official posts throughout four reigns of the Trần kings (Anh Tông, Minh Tông, Hiến Tông, Dụ Tông). Trương Hán Siêu was renowned for his profound knowledge of Confucianism and Buddhism, coupled with a strong patriotism and invaluable contributions to the Trần dynasty, earning him great respect and recognition from the kings, who regarded him as a master.

In 1308, King Trần Anh Tông appointed him as a Hàn Lâm academic. During the reign of Minh Tông, he served as a Hành khiển. Under Trần Dụ Tông, in 1339, he was appointed as Hữu ti Lang Trung. In 1345, he was promoted to the position of Gián nghị Đại phu, an advisor in the court. Trương Hán Siêu worked closely with Nguyễn Trung Ngạn to compile the legal works “Hoàng Triều Đại Điển” and “Hình Luật Thư.” In 1351, he was promoted to Tham tri Chính sự, overseeing state affairs.

In 1353, he was ordered to oversee the defense of Hóa Châu (present-day Huế), fortifying the region and preparing for a potential conflict with the Champa kingdom. In 1354, ill health forced him to request a leave of absence, but he passed away before reaching home. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of Thái Phó, and his contributions were honored by being enshrined at the Văn Miếu in Thăng Long, alongside other great intellectuals of the past.

During the latter half of the 14th century, Vietnam experienced an ideological conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism. Trương Hán Siêu is considered the first to criticize Buddhism, paving the way for Confucianism's ascendancy. He also left behind four poems and three prose works, including "Dục Thuý Sơn Khắc Thạch," "Linh Tế Tháp Ký," and "Khai Nghiêm Tự Bi." Among these works, “Bạch Đằng Giang Phú” is considered a literary masterpiece. While the exact year of its composition is unknown, based on the sentiment in the lines “The hero’s sorrow lingers, the traces of their struggles remain,” it can be inferred that the work was written after the death of Trần Quốc Tuấn, likely between 1301 and 1354.

“Bạch Đằng Giang Phú” is a literary masterpiece in Vietnamese classical literature. Artistically, it exemplifies the highest level of poetic craftsmanship. Ideologically, it is a work that overflows with patriotism, ambition, national pride, and a deep philosophical reflection on the historical causes of the nation's success in repelling invaders.

The poem was written in classical Chinese. Scholars such as Đông Châu Nguyễn Hữu Tiến, Nguyễn Đổng Chi, and Bùi Văn Nguyên have successfully translated the work into Vietnamese.

Trương Hán Siêu's most notable trait, etched in history, is his deep connection with nature, his way of observing and appreciating the world around him. While many Vietnamese writers have expressed admiration for the beauty of the landscape, Trương Hán Siêu’s love for nature seems to go beyond simple admiration. His desire to explore the world was intertwined with his quest for historical and societal knowledge. As shown in “Bạch Đằng Giang Phú,” he often portrayed himself as a traveler on a mission to understand the historical significance of places:

"The traveler may sail far and wide,

Wandering through vast oceans, chasing the moon’s glow.

From early morning on the riverbanks of Nguyên and Tương,

To the sunset at Vũ Huyệt;

The Nine Rivers, the Five Lakes, and the Three Ngô – Bách Việt,

Wherever one goes, the history is known."

Though these places may only be literary references, not actual locations Trương Hán Siêu visited, they represent the wealth of knowledge he sought. Nature, for him, was not just a backdrop, but a living, breathing entity, a vessel of human experience and history. This connection to nature was a way for him to engage with the past and seek deeper understanding, much like the famous Chinese historian Sima Qian, who traveled extensively before recording his observations.

As the poem progresses, Trương Hán Siêu moves from references to imaginary places to the actual historical site of Bạch Đằng. This shift from the abstract to the concrete serves to underline the importance of the Bạch Đằng River in Vietnamese history, particularly its role in the nation’s victories over foreign invaders.

The “Bạch Đằng Giang Phú” is a flowing masterpiece, with a structure that emphasizes the spontaneity of thought rather than strict formalism. The clever interplay between the “guest” and the “elder” in the narrative creates a sense of timelessness, while the language shifts between reflective melancholy and passionate engagement with the events unfolding. The carefully constructed rhythm and the varied pacing keep the reader engaged, making the poem an enduring work that has captivated generations of readers. The poem’s depiction of the Bạch Đằng battle is as much a meditation on the past as it is a vivid reenactment of the past’s energy.

When we analyze the imagery in the poem, we see an interesting juxtaposition of two extremes – the stark, tragic imagery of the battle at Bạch Đằng contrasts with the tranquil beauty of the river's current. This creates a sense of tension between the present and the past, as if the poem were a bridge between two worlds:

“Through the Đại Than gate / against the Eastern shore,

To Bạch Đằng River / where the boats float aimlessly.”

This tension between past and present mirrors the poem’s larger philosophical inquiry: What is the true nature of existence? Is the present real, or is it the past that truly shapes us? The blending of time and space in the poem gives it a haunting quality, emphasizing the continuity of history and the eternal nature of human effort. Ultimately, “Bạch Đằng Giang Phú” presents a vision of history that is as fluid as the river it celebrates.

In conclusion, Trương Hán Siêu’s “Bạch Đằng Giang Phú” is a masterpiece that weaves together rich layers of meaning, deep symbolism, and artistic skill. Through its vivid imagery and philosophical reflections, it offers a timeless meditation on history, nature, and the human spirit. Trương Hán Siêu’s legacy as a prominent figure in Vietnamese culture is secured, and his works remain a testament to the enduring power of literature and history.

Throughout the development of Vietnamese literature, every author has left their distinctive mark. While Nguyễn Trãi is remembered for his Bình Ngô Đại Cáo and Nguyễn Du for the Truyện Kiều, Trương Hán Siêu’s literary contribution is encapsulated in his iconic work, the Bạch Đằng Giang Phú (The Poem of Bạch Đằng River).

Trương Hán Siêu hailed from Phúc Am village in Yên Ninh district, Trường Yên region, now Phúc Thành ward, Ninh Bình city. Historical accounts note that he was a disciple of the legendary military leader Trần Hưng Đạo. Known for his resolute nature and profound intellect, the exact year of his birth remains unknown, but he passed away in 1354. Trương Hán Siêu is celebrated for his significant contributions during two key battles against the Yuan invaders.

In his political career, he held several crucial positions within the state machinery. Thanks to his military achievements during the battles against the Yuan, he was appointed Hàn Lâm Học Sĩ in 1308. Under the reign of King Trần Dụ Tông, he was entrusted with additional important roles. In 1353, while commanding forces in Hóa Châu (modern-day Huế), he fell ill. The following year, he requested to retire but passed away before reaching the capital. The king mourned his death deeply, posthumously granting him the title Thái Bảo, and in 1363, he was honored at the Văn Miếu, placed alongside the great sages of Vietnam's history.

Trương Hán Siêu was a scholar with vast knowledge, a patriot with deep love for his country, and was highly revered by the Trần kings. In his youth, he opposed Buddhism, but the king, rather than chastising him, appointed him as the overseer of a prominent temple. Later in life, he embraced Buddhism, and his works reflect the philosophical influence of the faith. His surviving poetry includes works like Cúc Hoa Bách Vịnh, Hoá Châu Tác, Dục Thuý Sơn, and Quá Tống Đô.

His prose includes two notable pieces: Khai Nghiêm Tự Bi Ký (The Stele of Khai Nghiêm Temple) and Dục Thuý Sơn Linh Tế Tháp Ký (The Inscription at Dục Thuý Mountain Pagoda), both written in Classical Chinese. He also co-authored the Hoàng Triều Đại Điển and Hình Thư with Nguyễn Trung Ngạn, which formed the foundation of Vietnam's feudal legal system. Trương Hán Siêu's works advocated Confucian principles while critiquing Buddhism, and his collaboration with Nguyễn Trung Ngạn in creating the legal system had a lasting impact on Vietnam’s governance.

Although his literary output was limited, his Bạch Đằng Giang Phú remains one of the most famous works of his time, showcasing his fervent patriotism and defiance against foreign invaders. It stands as a monumental piece in Vietnamese literature, representing the nationalistic spirit of the Lý and Trần dynasties. The poem is regarded as a peak of the phú genre and is considered one of Vietnam’s greatest literary works.

The Bạch Đằng Giang Phú is a powerful expression of Trương Hán Siêu’s patriotism and pride in the heroic traditions of Vietnam, highlighting the national values of righteousness and unity. This poem also conveys a deep humanist philosophy, emphasizing the importance of human agency in shaping history.

The poem begins by reflecting on the victory at Bạch Đằng River:

"The enemy is defeated, peace will reign forever,

For the land is protected by virtue."

Written in the traditional phú form, the original text was composed in Chinese and is divided into four parts: introduction, explanation, commentary, and conclusion. The introduction presents the guest's emotional response to the scenic beauty of Bạch Đằng River. The explanation recounts the battle through the memories of elderly locals. The commentary explores the reasons behind the victory, and the conclusion is a chorus in which both the elder and the guest affirm the moral strength of humanity.

The structure of the poem follows a dialogue between the guest and the elder. The guest, a lover of nature and history, visits Bạch Đằng River not only for its natural beauty but also to pay homage to the historic battlefield. The guest is driven by a deep desire to learn about the nation's history, drawing inspiration from the renowned historian of the Han dynasty, Sima Qian. The elder, a local who lived through the battle, serves as a living testament to the heroism of the past. This dialogue allows for a reflective exploration of Vietnam’s historical identity.

Artistically, the poem employs a free verse form that allows for a seamless blend of narrative and lyricism, enriching its emotional depth. The poem's compact structure and the use of rhetorical techniques like allusion demonstrate Trương Hán Siêu's literary skill and philosophical insight. The vivid imagery and varied tones—from grand and majestic to contemplative and philosophical—capture the pride of the Vietnamese people and their belief in the destiny of their nation.

Trương Hán Siêu is truly one of the towering figures in Vietnamese literature, a scholar with profound learning, a patriot with deep love for his homeland, and a masterful poet. His work, particularly the Bạch Đằng Giang Phú, cements his legacy as one of the greatest literary figures in Vietnam’s history.

When discussing the Trần dynasty, one cannot overlook a towering figure whose profound impact on the people was immense – Trương Hán Siêu. A man of remarkable intellect, he served under four Trần emperors: Anh Tông, Minh Tông, Hiến Tông, and Dụ Tông. He also played a significant role in two wars against the Mongol Yuan invaders, contributing greatly to the dynasty and earning the admiration of the emperors, who regarded him as a master.

Trương Hán Siêu was also the author of many celebrated works, literary masterpieces that are still remembered today. Among his most famous writings are Bạch Đằng Giang Phú, Linh Tế Thập Kỷ, and Quang Nghiêm Tự Bi Văn. In 1308, he was appointed as a scholar in the imperial court during Emperor Trần Anh Tông’s reign. Under Emperor Trần Minh Tông, he held the title of court official, and in 1339, during Trần Hiến Tông's reign, he was promoted to a high-ranking position. By 1342, he held the role of Deputy Director of the Royal Secretariat, overseeing both civil and military matters. In November 1353, Trương Hán Siêu requested leave due to illness, but passed away before reaching the capital. After his death, the emperor posthumously granted him the titles of Thái Bảo and Thái Phó. In 1972, he was honored with a shrine at the Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám, signifying the high regard in which he was held. Throughout his life, Trương Hán Siêu held numerous important positions and made significant contributions to his country. Even after his death, the emperor and court mourned his passing deeply, bestowing upon him prestigious posthumous honors. His enshrinement at the Văn Miếu was a mark of the emperor’s great respect, and Trương Hán Siêu’s role in the nation’s history was compared to that of the sages of ancient times.

Trương Hán Siêu’s works often reflect his deep love for the homeland and a strong sense of national pride. His writing, rich with historical reflection, embodies a deep nostalgia and timeless emotional depth. His Bạch Đằng Giang Phú is a perfect example of this reflective style.

After the victorious defense against the Mongol invasion, as life returned to normal, fifty years later, Trương Hán Siêu wrote Bạch Đằng Giang Phú. The poem is filled with the author’s longing for a golden age of the nation’s past. The Bạch Đằng River itself stands as a historical witness, having borne witness to pivotal moments in Vietnamese history, such as the victories of Ngô Quyền in 938 and Trần Hưng Đạo in 1288. The work was written in the phú style, a literary form that originated in China. It combines prose and verse, describing various aspects of life, customs, and historical landmarks. As one of the finest examples of the phú genre, it magnificently captures the grandeur of the Bạch Đằng River, mixing descriptive techniques with narrative storytelling. Through this, readers not only gain a deeper understanding of the nation’s history but also feel the author’s deep love for the country and his nostalgic reverence for its past.

The excerpt from Bạch Đằng Giang Phú is divided into four sections.

The first section describes the visitor’s emotional response to the scene at the Bạch Đằng River:

“The visitor says:

Rowing beneath the moon in a cinnamon boat

Sails billowing with the stormy winds

At dawn, ahead is the Tương River

At dusk, the Vũ River is at hand

Wandering through Jiang and Hu, exploring the lands of Ngô and Sở

Traveling to learn about new places

And yet the adventurous spirit remains strong

Learning from the ancient sages

Wandering across the seas

Passing through Đại Thần Gate

Reaching Đông Triều dock

Arriving at the Bạch Đằng River

Sailing slowly beneath the sky

Waves crash in the distance

The dark water reflects the stormy sky

The autumn scenery is peaceful

Lush reeds line the riverbank

The dock is lonely and quiet

Broken boats scatter across the river

Decay fills the hills

The traveler stands quietly

Contemplating the fleeting nature of life

Where are the great heroes now?

Yet their traces of glory remain”

The author, assuming the role of a traveler, admires the country’s beauty with reverence. The references to Vietnamese landmarks, such as Đại Thần Gate, Đông Triều, and Bạch Đằng, along with Chinese places like Nguyên, Tương, and Vũ, reflect the author’s deep knowledge and pride in his homeland.

The second section recounts the historical victories associated with the Bạch Đằng River, as told by the local elders:

“By the river, the elders ask me what I seek?

Perhaps leaning on a cane, while others row light boats

They bow and say:

This is the battlefield where Trùng Hưng Nhị Thánh captured Ô Mã

And where Ngô Chúa defeated Hoằng Tháo.

At that time:

Countless ships and flags fluttered in the wind

Brave soldiers armed with spears and swords gleamed bright

The outcome of the battle uncertain

As the north and south clashed

The sun and moon dimmed

The sky and earth themselves seemed to change.

There:

Although the enemy was strong,

They believed they could sweep the land clean

But fate sided with the just,

And the forces of evil faltered!

It was like the battle of Xích Bích, where Cao Cao’s forces were shattered

Or Hợp Phì, where Bồ Kiên was defeated.

Even though the river still flows,

The shame of the defeated cannot be washed away!

We honor the victories of old, passed down through the ages.”

The elders’ respect for the visitor shows their hospitality and enthusiasm. They represent the older generation, who witnessed the glorious victories of the past. Their recounting of these events highlights the humiliating defeat of the enemy and the resounding success of the Vietnamese forces.

The third section reflects on the significance of the battle at the Bạch Đằng River:

“However:

Since time immemorial, the universe has been shaped by human hands.

Indeed:

Heaven and earth created the land of danger,

But it was the brilliance of human talent that safeguarded the realm.

No assembly surpasses that of Mạnh Tân:

Just like the great strategist Lã,

Or the grand victory at Lưu Thủy:

Like the patriot Hàn.

The victory at Bạch Đằng was monumental,

As Đại Vương saw through the enemy's weaknesses.

His glory lives on, undiminished by time.

As I stand by the river, I recall the past with tears.”

The elders' reflections highlight the elements that led to the nation’s victory: timing, strategy, and exceptional leadership.

Finally, the author celebrates the great figures who shaped the course of history:

“As I continue, I sing:

The mighty Đằng River flows endlessly

The great waves surge toward the Eastern Sea.

The unjust are doomed,

Only the heroic will be remembered forever.

The visitor continues to sing:

Great rulers, those twin saints,

This river cleansed their enemies in battle.

Peace and prosperity reign forever,

Because the land is steeped in virtue.”

The conclusion emphasizes the brilliance of the Trần dynasty’s military strategy, honoring the figures who defended the nation with courage and devotion. Their legacy remains an inspiring beacon for future generations.

Bạch Đằng Giang Phú holds immense historical and cultural significance, not just for the Trần dynasty but for Vietnamese medieval literature. Through it, readers gain insight into the author’s deep talent and the rich history of the nation. This masterpiece encourages us to appreciate the past and contribute to the ongoing growth of the country.

Trương Hán Siêu was a prominent figure during the Trần Dynasty, known by his official name Thăng Phủ. He served under four different emperors, holding key positions such as the Royal Scholar and Prime Minister. An outstanding politician, he gained the emperor's trust and, upon his death, was posthumously awarded titles like Thái Bảo and Thái Phó. He became a distinguished scholar in Vietnam’s medieval literature, with his work 'Phú sông Bạch Đằng' being a hallmark of his legacy.

Trương Hán Siêu was a man of integrity, straightforwardness, and patriotism, contributing significantly to Vietnam’s resistance against the Mongols. He was also a learned scholar with a deep and wide-ranging knowledge. He authored many famous poems like 'Cúc Hoa Bách Vịnh', 'Hoá Châu Tác', and 'Dục Thuý Sơn'. He is also known for writing the inscription on the Linh Tế Tower. His works reflect his deep love for his homeland, pride in Vietnam’s heroic history, and admiration for nature. His poetry is marked by delicate language, profound emotions, vivid imagery, and persuasive power.

'Phú sông Bạch Đằng' is regarded as one of Trương Hán Siêu’s greatest masterpieces, a pinnacle in Vietnamese literature. The poem, blending both prose and verse, was written in classical Chinese. It was composed after the Mongol invasions were repelled and conveys his profound love for the country and pride in its heroic traditions. The poem holds immense historical value, capturing the victories of the Battle of Bạch Đằng.

"The traveler says:

With the sail set, I sail through the wind,

Across the vast seas, chasing the moon’s glow.

In the morning, I pass by Nguyên Tương’s boat,

In the evening, I visit the Vũ Huyệt.

The Nine Rivers, the Five Lakes, the Three Ngô, and the Hundred Viet.

Wherever I go,

Everyone knows me.

The Vân Mộng marsh holds countless secrets,

But my heart yearns for even more.

I let go of the oars and drift,

Following the carefree path of Tử Trường.

Passing through Đại Than’s gate,

Heading towards Đông Triều’s wharf,

Reaching Bạch Đằng River,

The boat glides through the afternoon.

The waves stretch far and wide,

The water reflects the tranquil moonlight.

The sky is a single hue,

Autumn’s beauty envelops the scene.

The reeds line the shores,

The piers are quiet and desolate.

The river has swallowed broken spears,

The hills are covered in ancient bones.

Feeling the sorrow of the scene,

I stand silently, lost in thought."

The traveler embodies the spirit of freedom and ambition. His journey is not just about admiring nature’s beauty but also enriching his understanding. As he visits famous landmarks, his soul is filled with mixed emotions—joy, sorrow, pride, and nostalgia.

The Elders

They bow respectfully and say: "This is the battlefield where the great kings Trùng Hưng and Nhị Thánh captured Ô Mã,

It is also the land where the Ngô lord once defeated Hoằng Tháo in ancient times."

At that time:

Countless ships sail,

Flags flutter proudly in the wind.

Six powerful armies,

Swords and spears gleaming brightly.

The outcome of the battle is still unclear,

As both sides resist fiercely.

The sun and moon dim,

The earth seems to change its course.

Look:

Tất Liệt’s might,

Lưu Cung’s deceit.

They believed that one strike would

Conquer the south and subdue all.

But heaven sided with the righteous,

And the invaders were forced to retreat.

Just like the Battle of Xích Bích, where Tào Tháo’s forces were scattered like dust,

Or the Battle of Hợp Phì, where Bồ Kiên’s army was completely wiped out.

Though the river flows endlessly,

The shame of the enemy will never be forgotten."

The Elders greet the traveler with warmth and respect. Their noble hospitality allows them to recount the glorious victories at Bạch Đằng with great enthusiasm. The poem, though brief, is filled with tales of heroic triumphs.

The traveler continues to sing:

"The two wise kings,

This river has washed away countless battles.

The enemy has been vanquished, and peace reigns forever,

For the land is protected by both strength and virtue."

The poet praises the wisdom of the Trần kings, highlighting their heroic achievements while emphasizing the pivotal role of great individuals in shaping the nation’s destiny. Through the free-form style of phú, skillfully blending narrative and lyrical elements, the poet enriches the emotional depth of the poem. With a tightly structured composition and classical allusions, the poem showcases the poet’s literary brilliance and profound insight, embodying national pride and hope for the future of the nation.

Trương Hán Siêu (?-1354), known by his courtesy name Thăng Phủ, was born in Phúc An village, Yên Ninh district (present-day Ninh Bình city). He was a renowned scholar during the Trần Dynasty and a close companion of General Trần Hưng Đạo. In 1351, he was appointed to the high-ranking post of 'tham tri chính sự.' Upon his death, the emperor posthumously bestowed the titles of Thái Bảo and Thái Phó, and his memory was honored at the Văn Miếu in Hanoi. Trương Hán Siêu was recognized for his upright nature, generosity, romantic spirit, and love of travel. He sought out beautiful landscapes, finding inspiration in the Bạch Đằng River.

The Bạch Đằng River, which flows into the East Sea between Quảng Ninh and Hải Phòng, holds a special place in Vietnam’s history for its role in two critical battles: the 938 victory of Ngô Quyền over the Southern Han and the 1288 victory of Trần Quốc Tuấn over the Mongol Yuan forces.

Trương Hán Siêu’s 'Phú sông Bạch Đằng,' written in classical Chinese, was successfully translated by Bùi Văn Nguyên. The phú is an ancient literary form that serves to describe landscapes, customs, or character traits. It typically consists of four parts, and this work follows that structure. The first section introduces the traveler, reflecting his noble character and ambition as he journeys through Bạch Đằng. The traveler’s life is characterized by freedom and a deep appreciation for nature’s beauty, embodying the spirit of a learned man with a passion for exploration. The poetic references to distant places like Nguyên Tương, Cửu Giang, and Bách Việt highlight the traveler’s adventurous soul and love for the natural world.

The second section depicts an encounter with local elders who warmly welcome the traveler and recount the heroic battles of the past. These elders, veterans of the battles, narrate the tales with vigor and passion, as though the wars are still unfolding. Their stories of victory, such as the triumph of Ngô Quyền and Trần Quốc Tuấn, are delivered with pride and fervor. The third section reflects on the lasting legacy of these heroes, emphasizing the immortal fame of great warriors.

The final section is a tribute to the rulers, celebrating their wisdom and valor, as well as the enduring peace brought by their leadership. Trương Hán Siêu’s poem concludes with a reflection on the profound relationship between the land’s natural defenses and the greatness of its rulers, offering a timeless truth about the unity of a nation and its heroes. This work stands as a proud example of patriotic literature and national pride, celebrating Vietnam’s history and its enduring values.