Top 10 Essays Analyzing the Character of Huấn Cao in "Chữ người tử tù" by Nguyễn Tuân

Nguyễn Tuân, a master of language, was a prominent figure in the Romantic literature movement of Vietnam from 1930-1945. He often returned to the past to speak on the present, and this is evident in his writing. The character of Huấn Cao in the short story "Chữ người tử tù" highlights Tuân's brilliance.

In Nguyễn Tuân's portrayal, Huấn Cao emerges as a talented artist. His exceptional skill lies in writing elegant Chinese characters with a brush and ink, turning this skill into an art form, elevating him to the status of a true artist. This ability made Huấn Cao famous. When Quản Ngục hears the stories about Huấn Cao, he is already familiar with the man's legend. The character of Huấn Cao is introduced as if emerging from a legend, with his calligraphy being so revered that Quản Ngục longs to possess it.

More than an artist, Huấn Cao is a hero. His imprisonment proves his courage, as he led a resistance against the decaying feudal regime. When being escorted to prison, Huấn Cao's calm and indifferent demeanor in response to the soldiers’ remarks shows the defiant spirit of a noble man who does not fear those beneath him. Even in prison, Huấn Cao maintains a composed and fearless attitude. When faced with the prison warden, he remains unafraid, answering with cold indifference, displaying the boldness of a hero.

When receiving the grim news, while others, including the warden, are anxious, Huấn Cao remains unfazed, calmly reflecting before smiling. His calmness is that of a true gentleman, unshaken even in the face of death. Nguyễn Tuân's masterful writing brings Huấn Cao's heroic, bold spirit to life.

Huấn Cao is not only a brave hero and gifted artist but also a man with pure moral integrity. When the warden conveys his wishes, Huấn Cao responds, "I have never written for gold, riches, or power," and "I only write for three close friends." This response highlights Huấn Cao’s strong character, rejecting both authority and materialism. He also appreciates the warden’s respect for art. Even in the confined space of the prison, under the dim light of a candle, Huấn Cao shares his final words with the warden: "This place is not fit for fine art. You should move to a better place to enjoy art properly." His advice reflects his belief that beauty should not be tainted by corruption, and one must preserve integrity to truly appreciate beauty. His words make him appear like a spiritual guide, a person who values purity and art. Indeed, Huấn Cao is a man of moral integrity.

Nguyễn Tuân's genius lies in placing Huấn Cao in such a tragic yet enlightening situation, bringing out his qualities as a heroic artist. The use of contrasting romantic elements and the refined language, including many Sino-Vietnamese terms, helps to create a character unlike any other in both his time and beyond.

Nguyễn Tuân (1910 – 1987) was one of Vietnam's most talented writers. Before the August Revolution, his works were always aimed at exploring the ideals of movement and seeking the beauty of a bygone era in life. “Chữ người tử tù” is one of his exemplary works, and within it, Huấn Cao stands as a remarkable character—a true embodiment of artistic brilliance, moral integrity, and heroic spirit.

When writing about beauty, Nguyễn Tuân allowed his characters to shine with a diverse array of beautiful qualities. In this way, Huấn Cao's beauty is first and foremost that of an artist. Huấn Cao was skilled in the art of writing Chinese characters—an art rich in visual form. In ancient times, scholars wrote to express their hearts and minds, as handwriting was thought to reflect one's character. Writing became a form of art known as calligraphy, with some dedicating themselves to the craft, while others simply enjoyed the aesthetic of beautiful script. Beautiful calligraphy was often hung in prestigious rooms like study rooms, living rooms, and ancestral altars, regarded as a refined hobby.

Though a scholar, Huấn Cao was far from a typical one. He was a renowned calligrapher, famous for his “fast and beautiful writing,” a skill admired throughout Sơn province. Even the prison warden of a small, obscure town knew of Huấn Cao’s legendary calligraphy, saying, “His characters are magnificent, square, and beautiful.” To possess a piece of Huấn Cao’s writing was considered to own a priceless treasure. Therefore, the prison warden’s ultimate desire was to one day have a couplet written by Huấn Cao hung in his home. To obtain such a piece, the warden not only had to be respectful but also take great risks, for granting special treatment to a prisoner like Huấn Cao was a dangerous act, one that could cost him his life.

Huấn Cao's calligraphy is a rare and exceptional talent. Beyond his artistry, the admiration for his skill and the warden's deep wish to obtain a piece of it reveals the author's reverence for talent, beauty, and the growing loss of traditional cultural values that were fading away.

Not only an artist, Huấn Cao was also a hero with unwavering courage and resilience. This hero dared to denounce the corruption of the ruling dynasty, standing up against the decaying feudal government. Moreover, Huấn Cao refused to accept the oppression of the vile ruling class and had once broken out of prison, risking his life countless times. To the guards, Huấn Cao was “the most arrogant and dangerous,” always to be watched closely. To the scribe, he was “skilled in both literature and martial arts,” while to the warden, Huấn Cao was a hero who “defied the heavens and disrupted the waters,” despising wealth and power. Through these perspectives, Huấn Cao was seen as an extraordinary individual—an executed prisoner with a firm heart, exuding nobility in the midst of filth and chains.

Despite being a prisoner awaiting execution, Huấn Cao showed no fear or servility. Even when the guards urged him and whipped him, Huấn Cao remained calm, joking about the shackles as if they were caused by fleas. He remained unfazed by the special treatment from the warden, believing that the warden's kindness was solely motivated by his desire for Huấn Cao’s calligraphy. Even when scolding the warden, Huấn Cao showed no fear that the warden might poison his food. Even if this were true, he would not beg for mercy. With such composure and defiance, Huấn Cao exemplifies the ideal of talent, integrity, and unyielding power.

More than just a hero, Huấn Cao possessed a pure and noble heart, a soul of immense beauty. While a master of calligraphy, Huấn Cao did not offer his art to just anyone. He did not refuse because of arrogance, but rather because he only gifted his work to those who truly appreciated and valued beauty and skill. Therefore, in his lifetime, Huấn Cao only wrote two couplets and one hanging scroll for his three closest friends. He looked down on the warden’s special treatment, suspecting that the warden had ulterior motives. However, upon learning of the warden’s noble wish, Huấn Cao almost felt he had “betrayed a sincere heart.” The scene of Huấn Cao giving away his calligraphy became “a scene never before seen in history.”

In the story “Chữ người tử tù,” the purity of character is not only present in Huấn Cao, but also in the warden and the scribe. For these two characters, “purity” is their deep respect and admiration for Huấn Cao’s talent.

In the final scene where Huấn Cao gives his calligraphy, Nguyễn Tuân allows the beauty of virtue to shine through, making the beauty of talent and heroic spirit glow even brighter in the dark prison. The harmony between talent, heart, and heroic courage highlights Huấn Cao's noble character. This is the ideal hero and the beauty Nguyễn Tuân had always sought. This aesthetic ideal also drives the narrative, creating an unexpected reversal where the prisoner becomes the one who bestows beauty and teaches how to live, while the warden cowers in fear. Thus, Huấn Cao’s image symbolizes the victory of light over darkness, beauty and nobility over the mundane and filth, and heroic spirit over the sycophantic habits of slavery.

Through Nguyễn Tuân's skilled narration, Huấn Cao emerges clearly, majestically, and dignified, making readers admire and cherish him even more. To highlight Huấn Cao’s beauty, Nguyễn Tuân placed him in a unique narrative situation—a meeting between Huấn Cao, the warden, and the scribe. It was a meeting between a prisoner and a jailer, yet also a reunion of those who shared a mutual understanding and respect for talent.

To portray Huấn Cao and emphasize the triumph of talent, beauty, virtue, and heroic courage, Nguyễn Tuân skillfully utilized contrast and opposition. This contrast between light and dark, between the sublime and the mundane, between the act of writing and the conditions under which it occurs, adds depth to the character.

Nguyễn Tuân's descriptive language is also rich in visual elements. He uses many Sino-Vietnamese words and phrases with the tone of ancient noble figures to enhance the beauty of an era past, embodied in Huấn Cao. The success of “Chữ người tử tù” lies in the creation of Huấn Cao as a character of exceptional talent, pure integrity, and extraordinary courage. The victory of talent, beauty, and virtue over the mundane and filthy, and the courage of the heroic spirit over sycophantic servitude, clearly expresses the author's aesthetic ideals and profound humanistic message.

"Chữ người tử tù" by Nguyễn Tuân is a short story in the collection "Vang bóng một thời", which is a representative work that has achieved great success both in terms of content and artistry. Along with the romantic writing style and artistic techniques such as contrast, the creation of characters also leaves a lasting impression, contributing to the story's success. This is especially evident in the psychology of the character Huấn Cao, particularly his changing attitude toward the prison warden.

The character Huấn Cao in the story "Chữ người tử tù" is portrayed as a hero, someone who is fearless and determined; a person with beautiful handwriting and both literary and martial skills. His great compassion for the innocent, oppressed people, who were exploited by the ruthless ruling class, led him to rise in rebellion against the imperial regime. However, his revolution failed, and he was imprisoned, sentenced to death, awaiting execution.

It is within this dark prison that an extraordinary encounter takes place between two unusual characters: the prison warden, who represents the corrupt, conservative feudal government of the time, and the condemned man, Huấn Cao, a revolutionary hero who fought against the oppression. From a societal perspective, they are two opposing forces.

Huấn Cao, aware of this conflict, shows contempt for the prison warden. However, life has its surprises; the warden, whom Huấn Cao perceives as an enemy, turns out to appreciate Huấn Cao's beautiful handwriting. After understanding the warden's admiration, Huấn Cao's attitude changes from disdain to respect, and he agrees to give him his autograph. Moreover, Huấn Cao speaks his final words, advising the warden to return to his virtuous nature.

At his first encounter with the prison warden, Huấn Cao remains defiant and proud. Even when locked up, he maintains his rebellious spirit, mocking the authority of the prison with actions that challenge its dignity. For half a month, while the warden, admiring Huấn Cao’s skill, treats him with kindness, Huấn Cao continues to display an attitude of superiority, even disdain. When the warden asks him if he needs anything, Huấn Cao arrogantly responds that he only wishes the warden never enter his cell again. His response is cold and dismissive, reflecting his indifference to the warden's goodwill.

Huấn Cao's behavior toward the warden is understandable, as he sees him as a representative of the corrupt government, someone deserving of contempt. Huấn Cao's greatness is not only in his talent but also in his character, as a person of integrity and honor. In his eyes, the warden is just another insignificant servant of the oppressive regime, someone unworthy of respect.

If the story had followed this path, it would still have been engaging. However, Nguyễn Tuân chooses a different route, elevating the narrative to a higher level of excellence. As we know, Nguyễn Tuân was a romantic writer, deeply in love with beauty, celebrating it, and making his characters embodiments of beauty. The prison warden is no exception. Beneath his exterior lies a soul of purity and noble character. Nguyễn Tuân subtly reveals this through Huấn Cao's changed attitude towards the warden.

Huấn Cao feels remorse, and after a moment of reflection, he smiles and acknowledges the warden's noble appreciation of his art. He expresses regret for nearly rejecting someone with such a refined taste. Thus, despite being a man who rarely gives his writing to others, Huấn Cao offers the warden his final words. Has the warden become Huấn Cao's "close confidant"? Someone Huấn Cao trusts enough to give him his final signature? Even more, Huấn Cao urges the warden to leave the prison, return to his hometown, and think about his life away from the corrupt environment. Huấn Cao has completely changed his attitude towards the warden.

The scene of Huấn Cao giving the warden his autograph has become one of the most poignant moments in Vietnamese literature. Nguyễn Tuân beautifully contrasts the usual setting of giving calligraphy, which would be in a refined, elegant place, with the harsh environment of a prison. At midnight, just hours before his execution, Huấn Cao, shackled, is writing his final words, while the warden stands respectfully by his side, humbled.

In the stillness of the prison, if any sound breaks the silence, it is Huấn Cao's voice, the voice of beauty, urging the warden to turn away from evil and embrace goodness. The warden responds with a humble, "I am a foolish man, I accept your words." Through Huấn Cao's advice, the beauty of goodness has overcome the ugliness and cruelty of the world. Huấn Cao’s words affirm that beauty cannot coexist with evil and that goodness can purify even the darkest souls. After Huấn Cao speaks, the silence is filled with the reverence for beauty and virtue.

The transformation in Huấn Cao's attitude toward the warden is not surprising. Huấn Cao is a heroic figure, but the warden is not entirely evil. They meet through their shared admiration for beauty, and this common ground allows them to reconcile. Huấn Cao’s character reveals his sensitivity and magnanimity, as he recognizes the warden's inherent goodness and rewards him with his final act of kindness. In the prison, at the end of his life, Huấn Cao unexpectedly encounters a kindred spirit.

Through the successful depiction of Huấn Cao's psychological transformation and his changing attitude toward the warden, Nguyễn Tuân has created a character who embodies not only artistic talent but also a pure heart and unwavering spirit. Huấn Cao is a symbol of beauty, goodness, and moral integrity. Through his character, Nguyễn Tuân affirms that goodness can arise from evil, but it cannot coexist with it, and that beauty has the power to redeem and transform people.

Huấn Cao remains one of the most beautiful literary figures in Vietnamese literature. His image is not rigid or dry, but full of life, thanks to Nguyễn Tuân’s masterful storytelling. With his unique approach to character creation, Nguyễn Tuân has brought Huấn Cao to life as both a proud, defiant figure and a sensitive, talented artist who values beauty and human goodness. This success highlights Nguyễn Tuân’s unparalleled skill in depicting character psychology and cements his place in the history of Vietnamese literature.

Nguyễn Tuân is a writer who spent his life searching for beauty. Before the August Revolution, he viewed beauty as a personal religion, one that led him to explore beauty in the past. This included the refined enjoyment of tea, the intricate admiration of the moon, and the way candy was eaten, all of which he elevated to new heights. Among these pleasures, one cannot forget the elegant wordplay that Nguyễn Tuân beautifully illustrated in his work *Chữ người tử tù* through the character Huấn Cao. The work not only speaks of a refined pleasure but also reveals the character, talent, and spirit of Huấn Cao, a man of extraordinary abilities.

Huấn Cao is a Confucian scholar, a patriot. In the story, Nguyễn Tuân doesn't directly focus on his academic achievements, but the reader can infer his exceptional literary talent. Nguyễn Tuân mentions Huấn Cao's beautifully perfect and square calligraphy, which was famous throughout Sơn Province: “His writing was beautiful, perfectly square,” and anyone who had his calligraphy displayed in their home felt honored. Even the prison warden desired Huấn Cao's writing. During his time in prison, the warden treated him with a special respect and admiration.

Unlike the typical treatment of prisoners, the warden greeted the newcomers with a gentle and respectful gaze, “with an air of reverence, though trying to maintain discretion, it was clear.” The warden respected Huấn Cao not only for his talent but also for his noble character. Huấn Cao was not only a master of calligraphy, but also a martial artist. He was truly a remarkable individual, excelling in both literature and martial arts. It is rare for someone to be exceptional in both fields, and Huấn Cao embodied this perfection.

Despite his lofty ideals, Huấn Cao was arrested and imprisoned, awaiting his execution. However, this challenge gave him an opportunity to reveal other aspects of his character: the beauty of his unyielding courage and his pure, untainted soul. Huấn Cao's calligraphy was considered a treasure by many, but he had never before given it away due to power or wealth. To him, giving his calligraphy was a sacred act, and only those who truly cherished it were worthy of receiving it.

As a follower of Confucian principles, Huấn Cao saw the injustices of his time and chose a different path—leading a rebellion against the corrupt regime. The rebellion failed, and Huấn Cao was captured, but he stood proud and unbowed in prison. When facing the warden, he showed no fear, even as the shackles clanged loudly, “Huấn Cao resolutely, with a firm strike, made the heavy iron collar fall sharply onto the stone floor.” Huấn Cao maintained his dignity even in dire circumstances.

He accepted the special treatment from the warden with calm indifference. Even when the warden personally came to check on him, Huấn Cao dismissed him arrogantly, “You ask what I want? I only wish for you to stay out of my cell.” Before the warden, a representative of authority, law, and power, Huấn Cao was unafraid. Not even the threat of torture or death made him flinch. Even when news arrived that he would be executed the next day, Huấn Cao remained calm and smiled. He was truly a courageous individual with unshakable resolve, worthy of admiration.

Beneath his steely exterior, Huấn Cao also possessed a pure heart, filled with kindness. When he learned of the warden's deep wish to have a piece of his writing, Huấn Cao didn't hesitate to grant his request, expressing regret, “I almost failed to honor a noble heart.” He was truly moved by the warden's sincerity, as few would expect such purity and gentleness from someone in such a cruel, corrupt environment. In his final moments, Huấn Cao found a friend who appreciated and revered the beauty he embodied.

The beauty of Huấn Cao's character shone brightly once more during the act of writing. It was a scene unlike any other, one where calligraphy was given in a dark, damp prison, a place usually associated with evil and suffering. This was the last night before Huấn Cao was to be executed. He left his final, most beautiful words for the world to see.

In that dim, damp cell, a prisoner, shackled and with a collar around his neck, carefully wrote on a pristine piece of silk. The people around him bowed respectfully, admiring the beauty of his calligraphy. These individuals were completely captivated by the beauty of his words. Moreover, Huấn Cao's act of giving his writing deeply affected the warden, who, in response, humbly bowed and expressed his gratitude. The scene of giving calligraphy symbolized the ultimate expression of Huấn Cao's noble character and the core values of the story.

The character development in this work carries elements of romanticism, portraying a man of exceptional talent and grace. The author uses exaggeration and contrast to highlight the character's traits, employing a rich language full of traditional Chinese-Vietnamese terms that evoke the beauty of a bygone era.

Through Huấn Cao, Nguyễn Tuân delivered a profound message that beauty will overcome ugliness, that goodness will triumph over evil, and that light will overcome darkness. By celebrating Huấn Cao, the author honors the rich cultural traditions of the nation, paying tribute to a heroic and noble figure. Praising Huấn Cao is a subtle expression of patriotism. At the same time, Nguyễn Tuân presents his progressive aesthetic views, asserting that beauty must always be accompanied by goodness. The unique artistic techniques and narrative tone contributed significantly to the successful portrayal of Huấn Cao as a memorable character.

Nguyễn Tuân - the artist who dedicated his life to searching for beauty and truth. When we mention Nguyễn Tuân, we cannot forget his collection of short stories 'Vang bóng một thời,' a work composed of 11 stories inspired by his creative ideas before the August Revolution, celebrating talented individuals from 'A Glorious Time.' The most notable of these figures is Huấn Cao from the work 'Chữ người tử tù,' a gifted man with beautiful handwriting, possessing a pure and virtuous character, and also a heroic figure, defiant and unwavering.

Huấn Cao is regarded as a person of talent and heroism. Though he was imprisoned, he retained a remarkable presence, leaving a powerful legacy. The harmony between his artistry and noble spirit, between beauty and courage, allowed Huấn Cao to shine brightly in prison, maintaining his noble character.

Let’s first discuss Huấn Cao as a hero. He is modeled after Cao Bá Quát, a talented man known for his exceptional writing skills but who struggled in his career and eventually chose an independent path. He, along with other patriotic scholars, led a rebellion in Mỹ Lương, Sơn Tây, against the imperial court, sacrificing his life in the late 19th century. Our nation’s history reminds us that 'Though strength and weakness vary at different times, there are always great heroes.' Figures like Cao Bá Quát inspired Nguyễn Tuân’s creation of Huấn Cao, symbolizing the heroic spirit of the era.

Huấn Cao’s heroic spirit is first expressed through the thoughts of the prison warden. Huấn Cao is described as a person with the ability to 'break locks and escape prison,' a 'dangerous prisoner,' and the leader of rebels against the royal government. This initial impression indicates that Huấn Cao was no ordinary criminal. His defiance and bravery were further displayed in his first appearance at the prison, where he struck the shackles with great force, causing a loud noise, regardless of the guards’ threats.

This act symbolizes freedom and a bold defiance within Huấn Cao. He did as he pleased, a rare trait for a hero, and remained calm when receiving wine and food from the warden, treating it as a normal gesture. Who else could eat so calmly when death was imminent? Remarkably, Huấn Cao treated the warden with disdain, saying, 'What do I want? I just want you to never step into this place again.' It is rare to see a prisoner insulting a warden, as most are at the mercy of their captors.

When he received the order to go to the execution ground, he accepted his fate with calmness. To a hero, ambition and direction are more important than death, which 'is as light as a feather.' He was not afraid of power, weapons, or anything else. He embodied the ideal of masculinity, as his ancestors taught, 'A man must have a name in this world, worthy of the mountains and rivers.'

Huấn Cao was also a talented artist, known for his beautiful handwriting and calligraphy, an art form that blends the elegance of painting with the essence of literature, creating inscriptions with flowing, strong strokes on horizontal scrolls, white silk, or framed paintings. His calligraphy reflected his skill, deep education, and noble demeanor. Nguyễn Tuân introduces Huấn Cao indirectly through the dialogue of the warden and the scribe: 'Huấn Cao, isn’t he the one from Sơn province known for his fast and beautiful handwriting?'

His talent is further emphasized through the warden's desire to have a couplet written by Huấn Cao displayed in his home: 'His handwriting is beautiful, squared, perfect.' Nguyễn Tuân highlights Huấn Cao’s artistry through the warden’s wish, showcasing the rare, sought-after talent of an artist.

Huấn Cao is also depicted as having a pure, noble spirit. Talent and heroism alone are not enough; one must also possess integrity, as Nguyễn Du once remarked, 'The heart is more important than the mind.' Without a noble heart, Huấn Cao would merely be a cold, arrogant figure, and his contempt for the warden would diminish the reader’s affection for him. But Huấn Cao’s purity is evident in the following ways:

First, in his attitude toward the warden. Initially, Huấn Cao saw the warden as insignificant. But after recognizing the warden’s sincerity and noble intentions, he felt deeply moved. He regretted almost having 'betrayed a noble heart.' This shows that Huấn Cao’s philosophy of life was about living honorably and valuing those who deserve respect.

Second, in his personality. Huấn Cao was known for being aloof and only giving his calligraphy to close friends. Wealth and power could not sway him, nor could force or threats. 'I will never be forced to write inscriptions for money or power.' Huấn Cao was a man who valued honor and the brotherhood of heroes.

Third, his nobility shone brightest in the scene where he gave calligraphy before his execution. In the dark, filthy prison, surrounded by the stench of rats and filth, Huấn Cao gave his calligraphy and even advised the warden, 'You should return to your homeland, leave this profession. It’s hard to preserve your integrity here, and you’ll lose your righteous life.' Huấn Cao valued integrity above all, even in a man of ordinary status.

Thus, Huấn Cao is a rare and memorable character in Vietnamese literature. When we think of a talented scholar, we might picture someone scholarly and refined, often constrained by nationalist ideals, but Huấn Cao’s spirit is far more rebellious and bold. Or when we think of a hero, we imagine someone powerful in body, but Huấn Cao also had intellectual brilliance and artistic talent. Huấn Cao represents the perfect balance of skill, virtue, and courage.

The most beautiful depiction of Nguyễn Tuân’s literary life before the revolution is Huấn Cao, who was moved by goodness and beauty but remained defiant and unyielding to evil. Through Huấn Cao, Nguyễn Tuân subtly expresses his deep love for the nation’s traditions, his patriotic spirit, and his belief that 'Beauty cannot be separated from truth and goodness,' and a noble character is a harmonious blend of talent and integrity. This aesthetic philosophy is exemplified in Huấn Cao in 'Chữ người tử tù.'

The writer Pauxtopki once affirmed: 'A writer is the guide to the land of beauty. Entering the world of literature and art is stepping into the realm of beauty.' However, every writer has their own unique ideals. While Thạch Lam introduces readers to a world of gentle, peaceful, and somewhat melancholic beauty, Nguyễn Tuân – an artist who devoted his life to beauty – takes us to a world of grandeur, elegance, and timeless sophistication. In Nguyễn Tuân's exceptional artistic world, the figure of Huấn Cao stands out – the main character of 'Chữ người tử tù,' a brilliant mark in Nguyễn Tuân's literary career.

As an artist who viewed beauty as a religion, filled with love for his country and national spirit, before the Revolution, Nguyễn Tuân, dissatisfied with the noisy Western and Chinese societies, turned to the past to seek and cherish the beauty that had remained. In his quest for beauty in 'Vang bóng một thời,' Nguyễn Tuân suddenly realized that nothing was more beautiful than talented, refined individuals. Among these remarkable people stood Cao Bá Quát, a renowned Confucian scholar, a great poet of the nation, and an outstanding French letter scholar. Based on the model of Cao Bá Quát, Nguyễn Tuân created the character Huấn Cao – one of the most beautiful and distinguished figures in Nguyễn Tuân's life. Not only was Huấn Cao a brilliant artist, but he was also a hero. His character combined the beauty of an artist's soul with the heroic and noble spirit of a true man.

Calligraphy is an ancient art form. A calligrapher requires not only a masterful hand, capable of creating flowing, elegant strokes, but also profound knowledge and noble character. Given such stringent demands, very few artists dare to pursue the refined art of calligraphy. Yet, Huấn Cao boldly dedicated himself to this art, becoming a master calligrapher of exceptional skill. Huấn Cao wrote quickly, beautifully, and precisely. More than that, each character contained the aspirations and ambitions of the artist. His fame spread even to the prison, where those accustomed to violence and torture looked up to him, particularly the prison warden.

From the moment he read the classics, the warden had longed to display in his home a pair of couplets written by Huấn Cao. Admiring his talent and respecting his character, the warden treated the prisoner with an unprecedented level of reverence. Not only did the warden show great respect, but he was also willing to sacrifice anything considered valuable to him. Receiving Huấn Cao's writing made the warden deeply moved, kneeling and bowing in tears, saying 'This foolish person humbly receives your work.' While it's well-known that true art has the power to purify and transform the soul, it's rare to encounter works that can touch the heart as profoundly and uniquely as Huấn Cao's calligraphy.

As a masterful artist, Huấn Cao was also a hero with extraordinary courage. While his artistic beauty was depicted indirectly, his heroic spirit was directly portrayed through his actions and words. As a Confucian scholar with strong convictions, Huấn Cao rejected a life of confinement and indifference to the decaying world, choosing to fight for social justice and the happiness of the people. As a result of his rebellion against the royal court, Huấn Cao was sentenced to death. However, he showed no regret, fear, or anxiety in the face of death.

Instead, Huấn Cao remained resolute, showing unwavering courage. His skill in escaping from prison became legendary, earning admiration from the warden and the scribe. Every word and action of Huấn Cao exuded the noble courage of a true hero. Yet, if one had to select a definitive moment of his indomitable spirit, it would be his defiant act when entering the prison. Confronted by the cruel guards and jailers, Huấn Cao did not bow down or cower like other prisoners. His actions were a scornful slap in the face to the oppressive authorities. Observing Huấn Cao's behavior in the final days of his imprisonment, readers are taken from one surprise to another.

Not only did Huấn Cao accept the wine and food offered by the warden without fear, as though he were still in the world of the free, but he also displayed the courageous spirit of a hero in the face of tyranny and death. When the scribe hesitated to inform Huấn Cao of his impending execution, the artist received the news with a smile, showing no fear or sorrow. This smile was the defiant grin of one who believed in preserving the purity of the soul even in the dirt and grime of the world. Huấn Cao was not only a gifted artist but also a hero with an extraordinary spirit.

The great writer V. Hugo once said, 'Before a great mind, we bow our heads, but before a great heart, we kneel.' Following Hugo's philosophy, before the figure of Huấn Cao, each reader must bow their heads and kneel. For Huấn Cao is not only a master artist of extraordinary skill, a hero with exceptional courage, but also the embodiment of a noble, pure character. As a calligraphy artist of unparalleled talent, Huấn Cao's writing was considered a treasure by many. Throughout his life, Huấn Cao only gave his calligraphy to three people. He remained unmoved by wealth or power, always valuing the connection with like-minded friends.

When Huấn Cao understood the warden's wish, he not only agreed to give him his calligraphy but did so with a smile, content and fulfilled. Truly, how can one not be happy when, amidst the darkness and filth of prison, one encounters such a pure soul, one who appreciates integrity, respects noble character, and admires talent? Though Huấn Cao willingly gave his writing to the warden, he still felt a pang of regret, 'I almost failed to appreciate a pure heart in this world.' In this life, when people make mistakes, they often try to evade responsibility or blame others, but the act of regret and self-reflection is rare and valuable, found only in those with noble character. To feel regret for mistakes that only one knows and understands is a quality only seen in truly admirable people.

The story of 'Chữ người tử tù' concludes with the scene of the gift of calligraphy – an unprecedented moment. More than that, it serves as a perfect platform to highlight the characters and the central theme of the work. Especially in the scene of the calligraphy gift, we see both the talent and the noble courage of Huấn Cao. Through his talent and dedication, Nguyễn Tuân successfully created the character of Huấn Cao, a symbol of extraordinary beauty, alongside the warden and the act of giving calligraphy. 'Chữ người tử tù' will forever remain in the hearts of readers as an indelible mark of literary greatness.

The work *Vang bóng một thời* by Nguyễn Tuân reflects on a past era that has now only left behind echoes. Among its stories, the short story 'Chữ người tử tù' stands out as a remarkable piece. Anyone who has read 'Chữ người tử tù' would be deeply moved and admire the heroic figure of Huấn Cao—who, despite his misfortunes, remains steadfast, courageous, talented, and noble. Huấn Cao embodies the highest qualities of humanity, bravery, and wisdom. He represents the epitome of purity and nobility.

Huấn Cao is an aesthetic figure, a model of beauty in everyday life, a person of perfect character who is both skilled in literature and martial arts, as well as possessing deep integrity. He seems to echo the legendary Cao Bá Quát, a man of great talent, virtue, and calligraphy, who lived during the Nguyễn dynasty. Cao Bá Quát was a defiant figure who challenged the corrupt colonial rulers and the decaying feudal society. Did Nguyễn Tuân use Huấn Cao to honor Cao Bá Quát and, by doing so, created an idealized version of Huấn Cao that merged artistic talent with indomitable spirit—someone who, though his efforts might not succeed, defied danger, adversity, and death?

Huấn Cao's posture stands tall and radiant against the bleak backdrop of prison. The first aspect of Huấn Cao's beauty is his talent, especially his calligraphy. In traditional Chinese and Vietnamese culture, calligraphy was regarded as a high art, representing intellect, soul, and the highest form of beauty in culture. It was an object of desire, a prized possession.

Additionally, Huấn Cao was also skilled at escaping from prison, treating confinement as though it were nothing more than a place with no boundaries, entering and leaving at will. This illustrates his yearning for freedom and his ongoing fight for justice against a decaying feudal state. These talents contribute to Huấn Cao’s larger-than-life character, entering readers' hearts as a hero—someone who rises above the trivialities of life to challenge and stir the world. But, in a society where talents are exploited, Huấn Cao stands as a fallen hero. Nguyễn Du once wrote about Từ Hải, a hero of the ancient times: 'The mighty tiger, when fallen, becomes tame.'

Yet, unlike the fallen tiger, Huấn Cao, though in dire circumstances, remains resilient and unyielding. Readers not only recognize Huấn Cao as a person of talent but also as a person of unwavering courage, standing firm against authority and the impending shadow of death. Nguyễn Tuân admires not only Huấn Cao's artistic talents but also his moral integrity, for, as Nguyễn Du wrote, 'The heart is worth three times the talent.' Huấn Cao’s heart, like his calligraphy, is pure and noble, capable of inspiring admiration. The writer’s style clearly reveals the connection between the person and their actions.

Although Huấn Cao’s exceptional calligraphy suggests he should adhere to the Confucian path, be loyal to the emperor, and follow the official code, he refuses. Huấn Cao will not bow or conform; he rejects living a life of luxury and chooses instead to oppose the corrupt government, living according to his own sense of justice. Despite his incomplete and tragic life, sentenced to death, he never shows fear, regret, or repentance.

Huấn Cao enters the prison with a magnificent and heroic stance. To the soldiers, he appears noble and defiant, contemptuous of the world. Even in chains, with the death sentence hanging over him, he maintains his arrogance and composure. He calmly eats the special meals provided by the prison, as if he has the right to enjoy them, and behaves according to his will, completely in control. He looks up at the prison and at the cruel faces with unshaken resolve, with no fear, anger, or pleading. It is the gaze of one who accepts responsibility for his actions. He even speaks harshly to the prison guard: 'You ask me what I want? I only want one thing. Do not set foot here.'

This man, who stirs the waters and challenges the sky, fears no one. Throughout his life, aside from true companions, he has never allowed gold, wealth, or power to coerce him into writing couplets. Now, in prison, nothing—neither the meager meals nor the threat of power—can sway him. Truly, Huấn Cao embodies the ideal character that people have aspired to for centuries. His defiant and disdainful attitude seems to deeply move the prison guard, who regards him with great respect. Huấn Cao brings an ethereal, radiant light to the prison, illuminating the high moral standards of humanity. His noble heart shines like a beacon amidst the darkened prison world.

Huấn Cao—a shining star—exemplifies not only courage but also compassion. Upon realizing the good intentions of the prison guard, Huấn Cao is deeply moved. This moment reveals Huấn Cao’s compassion, his capacity to forgive, and his appreciation for the kindness of strangers. 'I appreciate your noble, discerning heart. I did not know that a prison guard could have such a noble preference. I almost missed the opportunity to respect a noble heart.'

Material kindness and courteous behavior do not soften Huấn Cao’s hard heart. It is the prison guard’s noble character, his refined taste, and his respect for culture that manage to touch Huấn Cao’s heart of steel. Huấn Cao does not thank the guard out of a sense of obligation, but out of respect and admiration for a man who, though surrounded by corruption, retains his high moral standards and recognizes the value of talent.

The dazzling light of Huấn Cao’s calligraphy scene fully reveals his character’s beauty. It showcases the purity and nobility that defines Huấn Cao. Under Nguyễn Tuân’s pen, this scene is one of intense drama, filled with contrast—on one side, a dark, damp cell full of spider webs and filth, and on the other, a pristine white silk and the blazing light of an oil-soaked torch. This symbolizes the clash between brutality and civilization, darkness and light, evil and good, death and life, ugliness and beauty. Nguyễn Tuân’s ability to create vivid images with intricate detail nearly achieves perfection.

In the fiery glow of the torch, which represents intellect, faith, and hope, Huấn Cao pours his spirit and energy into every stroke of his calligraphy. He is unaffected by the filth or the corrupt surroundings. Instead, he is completely captivated by the task at hand, creating masterpieces. At this moment, Huấn Cao is no longer a condemned man. He is the freest, most alive version of himself. The executioner's noose is no longer in his mind; only the eternal life of beauty remains. Huấn Cao—the star—shines brightly, dispelling the darkness and bringing an extraordinary beauty to this world. In this moment, the power of beauty and truth is affirmed.

This power does not conquer through violence. It conquers through its very essence, lifting people up and guiding them to truth, goodness, and beauty. Beauty, in this case, rises above the corrupt and the lowly, saving humanity and offering hope. Beauty reigns, and ugliness is left behind. The beauty that Huấn Cao shares is ready to awaken the inherent goodness in every person. His act of writing becomes a passing of freedom, a transfer of beauty that will perpetuate forever, entering the eternal realm.

The figure of Huấn Cao, created by Nguyễn Tuân’s romantic pen, stands tall and defiant, breaking free from the prison walls and the suffocating, stagnant life of darkness. This is a reflection of Huấn Cao's own aesthetic philosophy or perhaps Nguyễn Tuân’s own belief: beauty must always be tied to goodness, never coexisting with evil. Huấn Cao’s sincere and simple nature moves the prison guard so deeply that he bows to him with tears: 'I, this foolish man, humbly accept.'

In conclusion, Huấn Cao is a person who embodies the finest qualities of humanity. Though physically imprisoned, his soul remains free. In Nguyễn Tuân’s portrayal, Huấn Cao stands as a symbol of beauty in a world full of corruption, a symbol of noble morality. A person who transcends the mundane and the dark to shine, immortalize, and inspire the world with the moral ideals of the nation.

By creating this radiant figure amidst the dark, cramped prison, Nguyễn Tuân demonstrates his deep admiration for heroes who sacrifice themselves for a greater cause. The writer combines vivid realism with a romantic portrayal of the character’s personality and the landscape, creating a masterpiece. *Chữ người tử tù* with its sharp writing, rich prose, and Huấn Cao’s stunning beauty, will forever remain a timeless classic, echoing through generations of readers.

Nguyễn Tuân is well-known as a talented, erudite writer with a distinct personality. He was an artist throughout his life, always searching for beauty. Among the many forms of beauty that moved and inspired him, we see the radiant beauty that shines amidst the dark world of imprisonment, emanating from the condemned prisoner Huấn Cao in "The Letter of a Condemned Prisoner".

In the story, Huấn Cao is portrayed as a man of unwavering courage and independence, whose strong resolve and personal integrity cannot be broken by any power or wealth. As he says, "A man who challenges heaven and stirs the waters, even when at the top, he remains unbothered by anyone...". Such a noble figure, fearless in the face of power or greed, asks: what does he have to fear from the authorities or desire from money?

Huấn Cao, a man who defies the corrupt, decaying feudal system, continues to resist the imperial authorities. Labelled a rebel, he stands for a great cause, for a larger ideal, and it does not matter what they call him. Even when captured and sentenced to die, Huấn Cao remains fearless: "Even in the face of death, he does not tremble...". Throughout his imprisonment in Sơn province, he maintains a dignified, carefree, and unperturbed demeanor, unbothered by any special treatment from the warden. He casually accepts wine and meat from the warden as if continuing his old life before captivity.

From Huấn Cao's perspective, the authorities are nothing more than a group of small-minded men seeking to show off their power, so he shows nothing but contempt for them. He does not care for the threats of the guard when performing the "dong gong" ritual in front of the prison gates. When the warden timidly enters his cell to ask if there is anything else he wants, Huấn Cao replies with disdain: "You ask me what I want? I want nothing but for you to stay away from here". Even when given special treatment, he expresses his contempt for the warden. This reflects the heroic spirit of a man with great courage, who continues to live out his final days with unmatched valor.

Though Huấn Cao is a man of unwavering bravery, fearless of violence and power, he also values the goodness inherent in people. In the deep part of a person, often hidden due to circumstances, his act of giving a calligraphy and his final words to the warden reflect his kind heart. His advice to the warden, "I tell you honestly, Master Warden, you should return to the countryside and leave this job, then think about learning calligraphy. Here, it is hard to preserve your pure conscience, and you will soon lose your honest life", shows his appreciation for beauty and his respect for those who appreciate it. Huấn Cao understood the warden's heart, so he generously gave his calligraphy, seeing him as a kindred spirit.

Huấn Cao was extraordinarily gifted, known for his beautiful calligraphy, which became famous in the region. His calligraphy was elegant and refined, reserved only for those who truly understood its value. He was aware of his own talent, but did not offer it freely: "In my life, I have only written two sets of the 'Tứ Bình' and one middle section for my three close friends". The final act of giving his calligraphy was no different, as he saw the warden as a true confidant, a kindred soul. The scene where he gives his calligraphy is unique and unprecedented. It contrasts beauty with filth, for writing beautiful characters is usually an artistic creation done in a clean, well-lit study. But here, it takes place in a dark, filthy, smelly prison cell. Yet, in the midst of all the grime and filth of the prison, the light of the torch, the fragrance of the ink, and the whiteness of the silk, all shine brightly. This moment conveys a profound message: beauty can emerge from the most corrupted places, from the darkest corners of life, from a man who is about to die. Huấn Cao's advice to the warden shows that beauty cannot coexist with evil and filth. In this scene, Huấn Cao's beauty and nobility are vividly portrayed. This shows Nguyễn Tuân's exceptional skill in character portrayal, setting, and character development in his work.

The character of Huấn Cao, like many other protagonists in "Vang bóng một thời", is undeniably a person of great talent. Beyond his artistic gifts, Huấn Cao is also marked by a sense of responsibility for his country. This distinct combination of traits sets him apart from other characters in the story.

Through his masterful use of prose, sharp descriptive skills, and careful construction, Nguyễn Tuân successfully brings to life the atmosphere of a bygone era. He crafts the character of Huấn Cao – a man of courage, talent, and deep responsibility towards his nation. This is also an expression of Nguyễn Tuân's own longing for an idealistic cause as he entered adulthood. (Trương Chính).

As a writer dedicated to the pursuit of beauty, Nguyễn Tuân devoted his life to creating literary works that overflowed with a deep sense of aesthetic appreciation for all things beautiful in life. His writings, which eloquently celebrate the art of beautiful pastimes, drinking, and enjoying the finer things, never failed to emphasize the luminous beauty of human character. Some say Nguyễn Tuân's career would be incomplete without "Vang bóng một thời", and "Vang bóng một thời" would not be whole without the inclusion of the short story "Chữ người tử tù". Huấn Cao, a character in this work, stands as a brilliant and virtuous figure, created by Nguyễn Tuân with immense respect and talent, embodying his profound views on beauty.

Huấn Cao is first remembered for his extraordinary talent, both in literature and martial arts. With a subtlety characteristic of Nguyễn Tuân, the writer avoids a direct portrayal of his character, instead introducing him through the conversation of the prison warden and the scribe. Yet, even through the perspective of those who oppose him, Huấn Cao’s talent cannot be distorted. As the saying goes, "văn kì thanh bất kiến kì hình" (a work of literature can be heard but not seen), Huấn Cao enters Nguyễn Tuân’s narrative like a flawless ideal.

Huấn Cao’s genius lies in his calligraphy. Known for "writing both fast and beautifully", his fame spread throughout Sơn province, reaching even the ears of the warden and the scribe, who were both in awe and cautious of his renown. Indeed, the reputation of his calligraphy was well-deserved. His passion for the art of calligraphy, a refined pastime of the ancients, symbolized the traditional culture of the nation. The graceful strokes of his characters reflected his personal integrity, noble character, and indomitable spirit.

Even the warden was moved, saying, "Huấn’s writing is beautiful, it’s square, and to have a piece of his work hanging in the house is a treasure." In a world where East and West collide, where the old is fading and the new is not yet fully established, Nguyễn Tuân, a scholar dissatisfied with the present, creates a character of superior talent in the traditional art to express his sorrow over a once-glorious past now fading away.

When Huấn Cao is directly presented to readers, he emerges as a noble hero with unyielding spirit. A master of both the written word and martial prowess, Huấn Cao is also known for his skills in "breaking locks and escaping prison", earning the respect and fear of those within the prison. To the royal court, he is seen as the leader of rebels, but in truth, he is a hero standing up for righteousness, defying the imperial authorities to protect the truth. He represents a figure who would reshape the nation and restore justice.

When placed in prison, Huấn Cao’s heroism shines even more vividly. As he steps into the prison, his first act is to break the shackles without a second thought, disregarding the authority of the monarch: "Huấn Cao bends down, strikes the heavy iron collar, and forcefully kicks the iron shackles down the stone stairs, making a loud clang." This is the image of an unyielding hero, a man of great dignity and defiance against unjust confinement, striving to break free from chains and shackles to escape the bonds of slavery.

During his imprisonment, Huấn Cao remains fearless. The ancient saying "Nhất nhật tại tù thiên thu tại ngoại" (One day in prison is like a thousand years outside) describes how instead of wallowing in despair, he calmly accepts wine and food as if nothing had changed, just as he would in freedom. His words to the warden show his unbroken spirit in the face of tyranny: "What do I want? I want one thing only—do not step foot in here."

This declaration shows that Huấn Cao is unconcerned with fear or anxiety, regardless of the power of the man before him, who holds his life in his hands. In this condemned man, the spirit of "uy vũ bất năng khuất" (unyielding in the face of power and force) shines through. The oppressive authority cannot constrain him, and the looming threat of death cannot break his resolve. Even though his death may come at dawn, his heroic spirit remains steadfast.

What stands out most in Huấn Cao’s character is his pure, untainted moral nature—a trait that has the power to redeem those whose hearts have been corrupted. This is the mark of a truly wise and courageous person, one who never succumbs to the pressures of unjust power or the temptations of worldly wealth: "I never wrote for gold, silver, or wealth." He is someone who deeply understands the purpose and dignity of art and never lets talent be compromised for profit.

Even more admirable, Huấn Cao respects not only his own moral integrity but also that of others. This is evident in the genuine way he interacts with the warden. Initially, Huấn Cao despises him, seeing him as nothing more than a dishonorable man who lives in filth and serves injustice. However, when he understands the warden’s noble intentions, he is deeply moved: "I didn’t know that a man like you had such noble aspirations. I almost failed to appreciate the true heart of a person." This mutual understanding turns the two former adversaries into close friends.

Perhaps Huấn Cao’s greatest expression of talent, character, and beauty occurs in the scene where he writes a letter—an event Nguyễn Tuân calls "an unprecedented sight". As the night deepens and his execution looms, Huấn Cao pours all his creative genius into his calligraphy, writing with a steady hand and bright characters that speak of "the ambition of a man’s life". The red light from the oil torch, the fragrance of ink, and the white silk paper create a sharp contrast to the dark, dirty prison cell. The image of Huấn Cao, bound in chains and facing death, still "carefully forming his letters", embodies the extraordinary union of talent and willpower.

At that moment, Huấn Cao also reveals himself as a guiding force, leading the lost soul of the warden toward goodness. His sincere advice to the warden about changing his living environment reveals a profound truth: "This place is not where a beautiful piece of calligraphy should be displayed. It is not a place where one can maintain a virtuous life." Huấn Cao’s words make it clear that beauty and virtue can never coexist with evil: "In this place, it is hard to preserve virtue, and eventually, it will be lost." His advice touches the warden deeply: "I bow to you, prisoner, and I join my hands in gratitude, tears streaming down my face." The beauty of art transcends all boundaries, bringing people together in the beauty of Truth - Goodness - Beauty.

In the distinct style of Nguyễn Tuân—erudite and artistic—he successfully crafts a unique narrative situation where two initially opposing characters come together in harmony, radiating brilliance. The storytelling technique, the structure of events, the dialogue and monologue, and the character development are all masterfully executed. Nguyễn Tuân uses a wealth of classical Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese terms to evoke a historical, ancient, and tragic atmosphere. As Vũ Ngọc Phan once said, "Nguyễn Tuân’s writing is not for the shallow reader."