Top 12 Essays Analyzing the Beauty of the Perfume River in 'Who Named the River?' by Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường (Grade 12)

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is a writer with a distinctive style, known for his mastery of the literary genres of essays and personal reflections. His prose is crafted from an elegant, captivating language that showcases the poetic depth of an intellectual, eloquent self.

He is a patriotic intellectual who was deeply involved in the struggle against the American war, a heroic chapter in the nation's history. After 1975, when the country was unified, he wrote the collection of essays 'Who Named the River?'. In this work, the writer weaves together his deep love for the country with his profound connection to the natural beauty of Vietnam and its rich cultural heritage. These qualities are expressed through his depiction of the Perfume River as a lyrical character, with complex traits that change mysteriously across time and space. The beauty of this river is conveyed through eloquent, intellectual prose that blends narrative and lyrical elements, full of artistry and passion.

The Perfume River is revealed through Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường's multifaceted perspectives, including geography, history, culture, and art. He describes, 'It seems that only the Perfume River belongs to one city. Before it reaches the peaceful delta, it sings like an epic of the dense jungle, roaring through the trees and rapids.' However, there are moments when the river 'becomes gentle and enchanting amidst the long stretches of bright red azalea flowers.' Writing in the essay style, as Nguyễn Tuân described, is 'a solo performance,' where 'the flow of prose follows the rhythm of inspiration.' This perfectly aligns with Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường's portrayal of the river. He surprises the reader with analogies, comparing the river to 'a gypsy girl, free-spirited and wild.' He suggests that the river is a child of the ancient forest with a pure and free soul, and as it emerges from the forest, 'the Perfume River quickly adopts a gentle, intelligent beauty, becoming the nurturing mother of the fertile lands.'

With a serious, intellectual eye and a profound cultural perspective, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường traces the course of the Perfume River from the midlands to the lowlands, where it meanders gently 'like a conscious search for its destined future city.' The writer places the river amidst landscapes of mountains, tombs, and beaches in the southwestern suburbs of Huế, its tranquil surface reflecting the vibrant skies of the southwest, 'dawn green, midday golden, and twilight purple.' Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường sees the Perfume River as an active participant in enhancing the beauty of Huế. Before it reaches Huế, the river flows silently through a space 'surrounded by mountains shrouded in mist, where an ancient moon casts a timeless shadow on the centuries-old pines.' Amidst the rocky hills in the west of Huế, where the ancient kings of the Nguyễn Dynasty rest, the river appears with a contemplative beauty, like philosophy or ancient poetry, 'between the rural villages, the sound of roosters echoes.' As it flows into its destined city, 'it follows a straight path with certainty, in the direction of southwest-northeast, where it sees the white bridge of the city mirrored in the sky, small and delicate like a crescent moon.' The writer offers a tender, affectionate sentiment toward the river, likening its subtle movement toward Hến Island to an unspoken 'yes' of love. The profound insight of the writer captures the dialectical relationship between the soft river and the people of Huế. The Perfume River, gentle and graceful, has contributed to shaping the refined, elegant character of the people of the ancient capital.

With his profound cultural knowledge, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường compares the beauty of the Perfume River to many famous rivers in the world, such as the Seine in Paris, the Danube in Budapest, and the Neva in Russia. From this, he celebrates the unique beauty of the Perfume River at night, 'still flickering in the misty night, the glowing boat lights of a bygone spirit that no modern city can ever witness.' The writer admires the slow, graceful flow of the river through Huế, calling it 'the emotional slow dance reserved for Huế, which can be seen visually through the hundreds of floating lanterns during the mid-autumn festival... gently swaying on the water, like the lingering emotions of the heart.'

It can be said that Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is a cultural ambassador of Huế. He does not only see the Perfume River flowing in the present, bringing fertile soil and fresh water to the fields of Châu Hoà and the people of Huế, but he also sees the river as the source of historical spiritual values. The Perfume River, throughout the glorious past of the feudal dynasties, once known as Linh Giang, the river of the southern border, fought valiantly to defend the southern borders of Đại Việt. It once proudly reflected the capital of Phú Xuân, where the hero Nguyễn Huệ reigned, and it carried the spirit of the two wars of resistance against the French and the Americans, contributing to the nation's victory, as General Võ Nguyên Giáp stated: 'The history of the Party has recorded in red ink the name of Huế, a small city but has made an outstanding contribution to the country.'

From the heroic reality of Huế, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường states: 'The Perfume River is the river of time, echoing the epic written under the green grass.' On the other hand, the river is also the source of poetry and art. Many literary figures, poets, and artists have been moved by the river, such as Nguyễn Du, Cao Bá Quát, Tản Đà, and Tố Hữu. The writer believes that 'there is a poetic river about the Perfume River, and I hope I have fairly described it when I say that this river will never repeat itself in the inspiration of artists.' Cao Bá Quát once exclaimed when looking at the Perfume River: 'The river is like a sword, standing tall in the sky.' Tản Đà saw 'the white river, the green trees.' Hàn Mặc Tử compared and glorified the Perfume River like the Milky Way: 'Whose boat is anchored at the moonlit riverbank? / Does it carry the moon back by tonight?' Thu Bồn felt the slow flow of the Perfume River and sighed, 'The river doesn't rush, it flows into Huế's deep heart.' And for Nguyễn Trọng Tạo, the Perfume River creates a mythical poetic atmosphere that helps the poet transcend into ecstatic verses:

'The river is the wedding of Huyền Trân,

Leaving behind a silk scarf on the source,

No wonder it perfumes the sorrow,

Its own melancholy dyed purple by the sunset.'

Vietnam has many rivers flowing through all parts of the country, and they have made their way into beautiful verses and prose. Readers have sympathized with Hoàng Cầm when hearing of the Đuống River being occupied by enemy forces. The poet lamented: 'The Đuống River flows away / A glittering stream / Lying sideways in the long resistance war.' The public has also admired the wild and lyrical beauty of the 'Đà Giang' through the brilliant pages of the master essayist Nguyễn Tuân. Now, we turn to the Perfume River, a river that humbly remains within the borders of Thừa Thiên Huế, but through the brilliant essays of Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường, the Perfume River reveals its gentle, delicate beauty, contributing to Huế becoming a picturesque landscape. Moreover, the Perfume River is also a river of history, culture, poetry, and art. It has become a part of the spiritual life of the thoughtful, profound people of Huế.

The question 'Who Named the River?' by Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường evokes many feelings in the hearts of readers about a seemingly familiar river that holds many mysteries to be discovered. Only by exploring it further can we better understand our homeland and take greater pride in the beautiful land of Vietnam.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is a writer renowned for his works in the genre of creative nonfiction, a literary form rich in authenticity and realism. His unique style blends intellectual rigor with lyrical expression, combining sharp analysis with a multifaceted, holistic perspective. Among his many literary contributions, the essay collection 'Who Named the River' (1986) stands out as a hallmark of his work. The title piece, 'Who Named the River,' is a remarkable literary achievement, where the author extols the multifaceted beauty of the Perfume River, connecting it to the geographical, historical, and poetic landscape of Huế. A deeper exploration of this essay reveals the soul and personality of the river, capturing the romantic essence of the Perfume River.

As a piece of nonfiction writing, the author begins his exploration of the Perfume River at its source, describing the upper reaches of the river as 'a grand symphony of the forest.' This 'symphony' evokes both wild power and gentle serenity, reflecting the river's dual nature.

First, because the river originates in the deep, dense forests, it resonates with the sounds of the mountainous, remote regions. It roars through the forest canopy, powerfully surging through rapids, swirling like a tempest in the mysterious depths of its gorges. Yet, at times, it calms down, flowing gently through fields of red rhododendrons. There are moments when it embodies the freedom and wildness, much like the untamed life of a Gypsy girl from distant Russia.

Beyond these vivid depictions, the writer offers a more profound reflection on the essence of the river, describing the upper river as having a 'deep soul,' 'sealed in the forest, the key hidden in its caves,' preserving its mystery. From the author's sketches, we sense that the Perfume River in the mountainous region is vibrant and wild, yet carries an enigmatic personality. In contrast, as the river flows toward the plains near the city of Huế, it adopts a new form, becoming more serene and reflective.

As the river 'leaves the mountains,' it continuously shifts its path, winding through different directions—south, north, northwest, and northeast—before gently flowing toward the city of Huế. In the plains, the river becomes 'soft as a deep green silk.' Generally, as it reaches the plains, the Perfume River flows through hills and pine forests, passing the tombs of past emperors, adding to the river's 'most tranquil beauty.'

If the Perfume River at its source is wild and untamed, then as it reaches the plains, it assumes a tranquil, winding beauty. The section of the river flowing through the city of Huế is described by the author with greater detail and subtlety, embodying both the softness of the river in the suburbs and the unique, serene calmness of the city.

As the river reaches the city, it 'becomes livelier.' The prominent feature of the river as it flows through the city is its gentle curves, followed by a 'softening,' like a silent 'yes' of love. As it passes through the city, the Perfume River 'flows slowly, almost still, like a calm lake.'

In contrast to the fast-flowing Neva River in Russia, which rushes through the city at great speed, the Perfume River flows 'leisurely,' like a 'slow dance of love dedicated to Huế.' As it begins to leave Huế, the river 'lingers,' reluctant to part, holding a deep emotional attachment. As poet Thanh Hải wrote:

'The river lingers, the river does not flow'

'The river flows into the heart, making Huế profound'

In the earlier parts of the essay, the writer places the Perfume River in the context of the vast mountains, the silent tombs, and the dreamy city of Huế, praising its beauty. In the final part of the excerpt, the writer connects the river with the history and poetry of the nation, elevating it to a symbol of national significance.

According to the author, the Perfume River has been tied to the nation's history for centuries. It is 'the distant boundary river of the land of the Hung Kings,' the 'southern border of Đại Việt through the medieval centuries,' it 'reflects the Imperial City of Phú Xuân in the 18th century during the reign of Nguyễn Huệ,' it witnessed the 'heroic uprisings of the 19th century,' and it 'vividly echoed the revolutionary triumphs of the August Revolution' and 'cheered for the Tet Offensive victory in 1968.'

Not only is the Perfume River linked to history, but it is also a river of poetry. The special quality of the Perfume River is that no two artists write about it the same way, with each capturing different aspects of its beauty. To Tản Đà, it was a 'river of white leaves and green trees,' to Cao Bá Quát, it was 'a sword raised to the blue sky,' to Bà Huyện Thanh Quan, it was 'the shadow of dusk,' and to Tố Hữu, it was 'a river that embodies the strength of the soul.'

With his profound knowledge of history, culture, and literature, and his elegant, refined writing style, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường has crafted a vivid portrait of the Perfume River, showcasing its multifaceted and diverse beauty.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường, a writer deeply attached to the dreamy land of Huế and its gentle Perfume River, often captures the essence of the place and its people in his works. His writing, though simple and humble, resonates with romance and lyricism. His essay 'Who Named the River?' is considered a masterpiece, offering a vivid portrayal of the Perfume River, showcasing its multifaceted beauty — serene, gentle, poetic, and timeless.

Written in the form of an essay, a genre that captures fleeting emotions and spontaneous thoughts in the deepest way, the work strikes a chord with readers through its sincere tone. Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường’s depiction of the Perfume River is striking, evoking awe and wonder as the river unfolds in all its glory. The Perfume River, the only river that flows through the heart of Huế, possesses unique qualities not found in any other river, making the author express a deep pride in this river that symbolizes his deep love for the place.

The river’s beauty comes alive through the writer’s keen observations and deep affection. Viewed from different angles and across time and space, the Perfume River carries a distinctive Huế charm. In its upper reaches, the river embodies a beauty unlike any other — as “a free-spirited and wild girl” with a soul both “free and pure.” This image, vividly painted with the writer’s words, touches the reader’s heart with its authenticity. The river is described as 'the symphony of the ancient forest' — powerful and intense, yet at times 'gentle and enchanting amidst the long stretches of bright red rhododendron flowers in the forest'. A simple wild red flower in the mountains evokes the river’s rustic yet captivating beauty. Thus, the Perfume River at its source exudes an intoxicating, wild, and refined charm. This characteristic is uniquely tied to the river and to Huế itself.

The Perfume River is known as a river belonging only to one city, Huế. It is an integral part of the city, as if bound by a long-standing connection. The river's beauty reflects the deep cultural roots of a place with a history full of both hardship and allure. Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường likens the river to “a gentle, composed, and soft-hearted girl within the city of Huế.” This romantic and insightful metaphor truly captures the essence of the Perfume River in the dreamy city of Huế.

As the river flows from its upper reaches toward the city, it becomes even more enchanting and passionate. 'The free-spirited girl' has 'crossed a deep valley under Ngọc Trản Mountain, turning her waters into a deep, reflective green, embodying a philosophical calm, like an ancient poem. When the river hears the bell chimes of Thiên Mụ Pagoda and the sound of distant roosters, it gleams like fresh sunshine. The river gently curves as it approaches the city, softening like a tender “yes” of love, flowing slowly and serenely.” This elegant passage illustrates the river’s soft, alluring lines, mesmerizing the reader with its charm. With a familiar yet heartfelt writing style, the author connects deeply with the reader’s emotions, evoking pure and sincere feelings.

The Perfume River is like a muse, embracing the city and the pages of Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường’s writing. The river has also witnessed the numerous changes and historical shifts of Huế. It reflects the glory of the ancient capital, “casting its shadow over the Phú Xuân citadel,” and resonates with the echoes of history, “a river of time singing across the green grass, the bright leaves…” Thus, the Perfume River is not just a river; it is a historical witness, a timeless symbol of the nation’s unforgettable journey.

From its wild, free-spirited origins, the Perfume River has evolved into a gentle, graceful, and resilient river. To Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường and the people of Huế, the Perfume River is the most beautiful symbol of Huế’s enduring beauty through millennia of history.

Through his delicate writing, heartfelt emotions, and deep love for the land, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường has created a stunning portrait of the Perfume River — a beauty that is uniquely Huế, gently and timelessly captivating, leaving the reader yearning to visit and experience it for themselves.

Who could visit the dreamy land of Hue without once gazing at the mystical Perfume River? This river has become a defining symbol of Hue, inspiring endless works of art, including literature. One of the most notable pieces about the Perfume River is the essay "Who Named the River?" by Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong. The striking feature of this work is the vivid and colorful portrayal of the river.

First and foremost, the Perfume River is described as "the epic of the ancient forest". It is intimately connected with the mighty Truong Son mountain range. The river embodies the strength of nature, both majestic and poetic, akin to an eternal song of the wild: "it roars through the towering trees of the forest, surges powerfully over the rapids, swirling like a vortex into mysterious deep pools, and at times, it becomes gentle and mesmerizing, flowing through the brilliant red blooms of the wild rhododendron". The long sentence evokes the echo of an epic. "The Perfume River spent half of its life like a free-spirited and untamed Romani girl. The ancient forest has shaped it with courage, a pure and free soul." This unique and intriguing comparison leaves a lasting impression. The river is presented almost as a person with a distinct character, a free spirit, and a wild yet romantic beauty. As it leaves the forest, "the river quickly takes on a gentle, wise beauty, becoming the nurturing mother of a cultural region". This metaphor adds depth to the river's majestic and poetic allure. The Perfume River is also portrayed as a creator, shaping, preserving, and protecting the culture of its land.

The writer then imagines the river as "a beautiful maiden, dozing among the wildflowers of Chau Hoa, waiting to be awakened by her lover." From this point on, the river’s journey southward is depicted as a purposeful search. It is the story of a maiden seeking her true lover, set against the backdrop of a fairy-tale romance. The river's flow is depicted with a new vigor, its shape constantly changing. The river winds and bends gently, passing through sudden turns, traveling through the soft curves of the landscape. The journey is arduous, encountering many challenges: "from the river's fork at the southern entrance near the Hòn Chén Temple; past the Ngọc Trản area, it turns northwest, winding around the banks of Nguyệt Biều and Lương Quán, then suddenly sketches a perfect curve to the northeast, embracing the foot of Thiên Mụ hill, and slowly moving towards Hue." The geographic description of the river's path transforms its flow into a journey of a graceful maiden.

Within the city, the Perfume River "becomes livelier among the lush, green banks". "The river lies peacefully in the heart of its beloved city". Its calm waters make the landscape of Hue seem dreamlike, ethereal, and serene. The river becomes the "slow, romantic melody exclusive to Hue", offering a slow, gentle rhythm that stills everything around it. The river is also likened to "a virtuoso playing the zither in the quiet of the night". This reference connects the river with the cultural beauty of Hue, particularly its royal court music, which must be performed on the river at night to fully appreciate the beauty of the music and the distinctive cultural essence of the place.

When the river leaves the city, it transforms into a "faithful lover". The bend of the river to the east symbolizes the artist’s feelings of longing and a touch of playful mystery. The writer likens the river to the character of Thuy Kieu returning to meet Kim Trong before parting ways forever.

The Perfume River is not only a river of history and poetry. Throughout history, it has represented an epic of heroism, witnessing many glorious victories of the nation. From the time of the Hung Kings, to guarding the southern border of Đại Việt during the medieval period. In the 18th century, it gloriously reflected the Nguyen Hue Dynasty; it lived through the tragic history of the 19th century, with the blood of uprisings, and since then, the Perfume River has journeyed into the revolutionary period, marked by the great battles of the August Revolution. The river is not just history, but poetry as well. It never repeats itself, always carrying a fresh beauty, capable of inspiring new creativity in artists and writers. A never-ending, multi-colored source of inspiration.

The image of the Perfume River in this work makes readers fall in love with the river even more and want to visit and admire its beauty. This is the success of Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is often regarded as the king of Vietnamese memoirs. His writings, especially his essays, are renowned for their vivid descriptions, profound interpretations, and intense emotional resonance. His style merges dignity and seriousness with finesse, creativity, and romanticism. 'Who Named the River?' is the pinnacle of his artistry, beautifully depicting the enchanting beauty of the Perfume River.

Through a cultural-geographical lens, the author uncovers the multifaceted beauty of the Perfume River. From its natural scenic beauty to the deep cultural soul of the people, from the heroic history it carries to the ethereal, poetic imagery in the author's imagination, the river’s story unfolds.

In terms of natural scenery, the Perfume River reveals its diverse and rich beauty. The river is majestic in its upper reaches, but becomes gentle and dreamlike as it flows through the ancient city of Huế. In the upper reaches, it is wild and untamed, compared to a free-spirited Gypsy girl. However, upon reaching the city, it takes on a completely different form—gentle, graceful, and imbued with the dreamy qualities characteristic of Huế. The river softens as it enters the city, its winding bends and circular shapes enveloping Huế like a silk ribbon embracing the city it adores.

The color of the river shifts with the landscape it flows through. When it passes the Ngọc Tản Mountain, the river’s waters become a deep green, reflecting the colors of the surrounding hills. In the early morning, it is green; by noon, golden; and at dusk, purple. This changing hue suggests the river is like a mirror, reflecting the ever-changing beauty around it. Beyond its shape and color, the Perfume River’s beauty is further expressed through two contrasting moods: fierce and serene. At times, it is vibrant, youthful, and dynamic; at others, it is contemplative, ancient, and philosophical. The river’s beauty is expressed in countless forms and colors, showing that whether in its upper reaches or flowing through Huế, it is a masterpiece of nature, an invaluable gift to the region.

The river's beauty is not only physical but also cultural. It embodies the spirit of the people of Huế. Through diligent research, the author uncovers something uniquely intertwined with the natural landscape—something that echoes the character of the people. The river’s flow mirrors the vitality and strength of Huế's people, while its calm, smooth current reflects their gentle and tender nature. The Perfume River, with its flow, perfectly encapsulates the dual essence of Huế—both bold and serene, energetic and tender.

Following the cultural exploration, the author delves into the river’s connection to music and poetry. The slow, graceful flow of the river within the city mirrors the rhythm of Huế’s court music, embodying its tranquil, composed, and dignified character. The author also explores how the river has influenced poetry, proving that the Perfume River has inspired a distinct poetic tradition. From the vibrant verses of Cao Bá Quát to the nostalgic tones of Bà Huyện Thanh Quan, and the emotional depth in Tố Hữu’s poetry, the Perfume River’s beauty shines through in literature.

Moreover, the Perfume River’s historical significance deepens its beauty. From the time of the Hùng Kings, it was a distant boundary of the country. During the medieval period, it was known as Linh Giang, a protector of the nation’s borders. The river also played a role in the August Revolution, when Huế was one of the three major victory sites. The revolution illuminated the river with a glorious radiance, symbolizing the overthrow of feudalism and French colonial rule. The river’s history is intertwined with the nation’s, reflecting both the struggles and triumphs of Huế’s people—painful yet resilient, tragic yet heroic.

Through the natural beauty, cultural depth, and historical significance, the Perfume River appears as a treasure to be cherished. But to leave a deeper impression, the author also explores the river in his imagination, where it takes on a persona of its own. The author’s vision of the river is that of a Huế girl—elegant, graceful, and full of life. The imagery of the river, ever-changing and vibrant, becomes even more striking in this portrayal.

In the upper reaches, the river’s powerful flow is imagined as a free-spirited, untamed young girl. As the river enters the city, its transformation symbolizes a long-awaited union with Huế. The unique comparison shows that the river undergoes a long period of waiting, only to be rewarded with a beautiful, dreamy love. After the river’s encounter with Huế, it embraces the city with all its emotions. The river’s twists and turns reflect a bold, energetic, and passionate character, while also carrying an underlying tenderness and femininity.

Once within the city, the river adopts its graceful, delicate nature. The Perfume River, like a skilled musician, plays a soft, lyrical tune in the quiet of the night, offering a melody that reflects the city’s refined spirit. When it is time for the river to leave Huế, it unexpectedly changes course, making one last visit to the ancient town of Bảo Vinh. As it departs, the river leaves behind a poignant promise: “As long as there are mountains and rivers, I will return...,” a sentiment echoed in the river’s enduring song, resonating across the Huế landscape.

With a refined pen, deep imagination, and unparalleled skill, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường has vividly and completely recreated the beauty of the Perfume River. The landscapes of Huế leave us with a deeper love for the people and the land of this region.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is a renowned writer in modern Vietnamese literature, known for his proficiency in writing sketches and memoirs. His works have left a distinct mark on the literary world due to their deeply poetic quality and intellectual depth. One of his most outstanding works is 'Who Named the River,' which was part of a collection of the same name, published in 1981, shortly after the 1975 victory.

The work vividly captures the beauty of the Huong River, awakening the spirit of the entire region. In this work, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường describes the river from two perspectives: geography and cultural history.

From a geographical perspective, the Huong River is portrayed in both its upper reaches and delta. In the upper reaches, it is likened to a 'symphony of the jungle,' with many rhythms: 'thundering' through the forest canopy, 'fierce' as it rushes through rapids, and 'gentle and captivating' among the long stretches of bright red rhododendron flowers. To the writer, the river is also like a wild and free-spirited girl, with the swirling whirlpools resembling a storm before plunging into the deep gorges of the Truong Son Mountains. As the river exits the jungle, it takes on a softer, more intellectual beauty, symbolizing the calm after the storm. Its serene appearance is the result of an accumulated experience, concealing the wildness behind a tranquil surface. The river’s nurturing flow has shaped the culture and landscape of the region, and without it, there would be no imperial city of Hue as we know it today.

Before the Huong River, Hue was a barren field of wildflowers and scattered hills, lacking something vital. Once the river appeared, it brought youthful energy and the desire of spring. The river continuously changed its course, winding in smooth curves. From the river's junction, it flows southward, passing through Hon Chen Temple, before turning northwest toward Nguyet Bieu, Luong Quan, and finally making a sharp curve toward the northeast, embracing the foot of the Thien Mu Hill before flowing gently into Hue.

As it meanders through the outskirts of Hue, the river's beauty changes continuously. Sometimes it resembles the curves of a woman's body, at other times a delicate silk sheet or a mirror reflecting different hues: 'green in the morning, golden at noon, and purple in the evening.' In the tranquil areas filled with tombs of Nguyen dynasty rulers, the river takes on a somber, philosophical quality. However, in the rural areas of Kim Long, it becomes lively and joyful, representing the spirit of a traveler returning home after a long journey.

By using vivid verbs and place names in combination with descriptions and narratives, the author highlights the river's beauty as it flows toward the delta and finds its love in Hue. When the Huong River meets Hue, the two merge into one harmonious entity. From a distance, the river already sees the Trang Tien Bridge like a crescent moon reflected on the evening sky. The writer uses a unique metaphor to describe the bridge's beauty as it enhances the city's charm. The river’s tributaries spread throughout the city, as if embracing Hue in its arms. From this point, the river slows down, flowing ever more gently. The author's comparisons with other rivers, such as the Neva in Leningrad, enhance the stillness of the river's flow, making the beauty of Hue feel like a dream. The meeting of the river with Hue is akin to a love affair full of emotional layers.

As it departs the capital, the river embraces Con Hen Island, reluctant to leave. Then, as it heads north, it unexpectedly turns westward to meet the beloved city once more. This sharp turn symbolizes the longing in love, a beautiful metaphor for the river's relationship with Hue. Geographically, the Huong River is both calm and poetic, yet also fierce and untamed. Its entire course mirrors a woman’s conscious search for true love in a fairy tale romance.

From a cultural and historical perspective, the river is inseparable from the cultural life of the ancient capital, blending with the physical heritage of the region. The 'scattered hills,' 'temples and tombs of kings,' and 'solitary pine forests' all contribute to the picturesque setting of Hue’s landscape.

Through the author’s sensitive perception, the river also embodies the intangible cultural heritage of Hue. The purple hue favored by the people of Hue is said to represent the mist over the Huong River, like a mystical veil brought by nature. The river has contributed to the gentle, serene beauty of the people of Hue. It has also inspired countless generations of artists, becoming a muse in the hearts of poets with its diverse, ever-changing beauty. In the poetry of Tan Da, it is a 'white river, with green leaves' full of dreaminess. In the poems of Cao Ba Quat, it is a majestic river like a 'sword piercing the blue sky.' For poet Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, it represents 'eternal sorrow with the soft evening shadow.' The river is also tied to folk songs, with both imperial and folk music originating on its waters. Music is born on the river as artists, drifting on boats at night, hear the sound of paddles and the water’s gentle flow, finding inspiration for their compositions. Thus, the Huong River is likened to a talented musician playing a lonely tune at night.

When discussing the colors of the river, one must not forget a beautiful legend that the writer uncovered during his research: 'I like the legend that says, out of love for the beautiful river of their homeland, the people of both banks cooked water from a hundred kinds of flowers and poured it into the river to make the water forever fragrant.' This legend, known only to those who have lived long in Hue, provides an answer to the question 'Who named the river?' The Huong River is not only defined by its geographical location and cultural values, but also by its deep connection to the history of the nation.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường conducted extensive historical research about the Huong River, uncovering details that even long-time residents of Hue did not know. The river was once the frontier of ancient Vietnam during the reign of the Hung Kings. In the medieval period, it was called Linh Giang and fought valiantly to protect the southern border of Đại Việt. In the 18th century, the river was a witness to the glory of the Nguyen Hue dynasty. It endured the hardships of the 19th century, bearing the blood of countless uprisings. The river continued its journey through the August Revolution and the 1975 Tet Offensive. Therefore, the Huong River has always been intertwined with the history of Vietnam, serving as both a historical witness and a bearer of the nation’s glorious mission. It is no wonder that the Huong River is known as the 'river of time's echoes,' for it carries the resounding legacy of the nation’s history.

In conclusion, the Huong River has been perceived and described from geographical, cultural, and historical angles, as well as in daily life and customs. From his love for the river and Hue, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường has skillfully captured its many diverse beauties. All of this is presented through his elegant, introspective writing style, revealing both his literary talent and his deep affection for his homeland and country.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is a distinguished writer in Vietnamese literature, known for his mastery in writing essays. His unique style blends intellectual depth with lyrical beauty, most notably in his essay: 'Who Named the River'.

The Perfume River, as depicted by Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường, is portrayed with perfect beauty—a picturesque natural landscape. The essay reflects the author's deep love for the subject, blending reality with the poetic allure of the river, likening it to the delicate beauty of the Di Gan women. The entire piece is an exploration of the river's charm, especially when viewed from its source, where it embodies both romance and grandeur. The river is compared to a beautiful Di Gan maiden, graceful and full of the tender spirit of the homeland. The river’s serene and affectionate character is depicted in flawless beauty, captivating the reader's heart.

The essay captures the essence of Vietnam's homeland beauty, embodied by the Perfume River, which symbolizes the nation’s noble history. The river’s beauty, from its origin, is wild and steeped in poetic spirit, much like an ancient forest that nurtures it with a romantic and refined soul. Beyond its untamed beauty, the river is observed from multiple perspectives, each revealing unique and captivating aspects, all seen through the eyes of the writer's heart. The river shifts from a gentle, free-spirited beauty, akin to the Di Gan women, to a more intense and passionate essence, filled with poetry and lyricism.

The Perfume River's beauty becomes even more enchanting as its name conjures images of perfect natural harmony, representing both history and the landscape of the homeland. The river stirs memories and emotions, inviting readers to experience the space around it, alive with the radiance of nature. The author begins by describing the river’s alluring initial impression, yet it is not just observed from one angle but from the depths of history and various perspectives, offering comparisons to the Di Gan maiden's grace and beauty. The gentle flow of the river evokes poetic feelings in every reader.

When viewed from its origin, the Perfume River shows a more powerful aspect, marked by the wildness of ancient forests that stir admiration. The river presents two contrasting sides—one that draws you in with perfect beauty, another that fascinates with its dynamic, majestic, and audacious scenes. It’s not only admired by those who love poetry but also those who seek to witness its awe-inspiring grandeur. The river invites all to witness the beauty of nature through various lenses, as each individual is drawn to its charm.

The river, beyond the natural beauty bestowed upon it, carries a romantic allure, likened to the soft elegance of the Di Gan women, blending gentle grace with a quiet, contemplative beauty. The Perfume River is a symbol of Vietnam’s untamed, mysterious nature, yet under the skillful hand of the writer, it emerges as a gentle and compelling force. It deserves to be considered one of Vietnam’s most beautiful landmarks. Through various angles, the author’s artistic view deepens, allowing readers to experience the river’s uniqueness from many captivating angles.

The Perfume River, nestled beneath the pines of ancient forests, exudes an increasing romantic allure, captivating readers with its growing charm. It embodies the highest beauty, a perfect representation of the river’s timeless elegance. Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường not only elevates the river’s beauty but also positions it as a historical symbol, reflecting Vietnam's struggle and victories during the Tet Offensive of 1968. The Perfume River stands as a testament to the nation’s history, witnessing the struggles and triumphs of the people. It’s a river of beauty and bravery, shaped by centuries of challenges and resilience.

The author’s deep affection for the river is clear in how he conveys its romantic, enchanting nature, calling forth the river’s beauty and its emotional resonance with readers. The Perfume River becomes a source of poetic inspiration, evoking both the tenderness of the past and the powerful spirit of the nation, painted vividly through the writer’s love for nature and his exceptional skill.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường is considered the writer of Huế. The image of Huế in his writing is not only scholarly and captivating but also artistic, leaving readers in awe. One of his most remarkable works is "Who Named the River?", where his description of the Perfume River from a geographical perspective is unforgettable.

Like an artist who understands the soul of his hometown, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường uses his masterful pen to explore every corner of the "girl from Huế", portraying her from her wild and youthful days to her graceful maturity, finding love and connection with the land. The journey of the Perfume River is not only unique and vivid but also evokes deep and lasting impressions.

In the Trường Sơn mountains, the Perfume River emerges like an epic ballad of the ancient forests, majestic and powerful, "raging through the rapids" and "rumbling beneath the towering trees". It seems like a living symphony within the vast, untamed wilderness. Yet, it is also lyrical, as the river changes through the stunning, brilliant rhododendron blooms, offering a gentleness and allure. In the heart of the Trường Sơn, the river takes on a wild femininity, both free-spirited and enchanting, like a "Di Gan girl". The "old forests" have instilled in it a resilient character and a free, pure soul. The Perfume River plays a crucial role as the "mother of silt" for the surrounding culture, embodying both intellectual and gentle beauty.

As it reaches the delta, the author portrays the river’s journey like a beautiful girl awakening to her long-awaited lover. The river is depicted overcoming obstacles, softening under the vast green of the mountains, and flowing smoothly like silk across landscapes like Vọng Cảnh and Tam Thai. At times, it glows with the vibrant colors of "dawn green, midday yellow, and evening purple", while passing by royal tombs. Here, the Perfume River transforms into a solemn, composed figure. But as it hears the call of the city of Huế, the river wakes up, joyful and lively. This represents the river’s personal journey to fulfillment, ready to offer its most beautiful self to the one it loves.

Entering the city of Huế, the river’s mood lightens, becoming playful like a lover noticing early signs of affection: the green meadows of Kim Long or the crescent-shaped bridge. Here, the Perfume River responds like a flirtatious "yes", as if she were making a final, graceful gesture. Upon entering the city, with a slow flow, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường likens the Perfume River’s pace to a "slow dance made for Huế". Its gentle flow, compared to the fast-moving Neva River, highlights the special tranquility of the Perfume River. Eventually, as the river departs from the city, it appears like a "gentle and loyal lover", a beautiful image symbolizing the eternal bond of the people of Huế with their homeland. Through his unique artistic techniques, poetic language, and deep understanding, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường truly deserves the title of the writer of Huế. Every aspect of Huế that he describes is vivid, beautiful, and captivating for readers.

Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường has left a lasting impression on readers with his depiction of the Perfume River through a geographical lens. Not only does it deepen our understanding, but it also reveals the river’s unique value and meaning. And surely, the Perfume River will remain a timeless love song, an unforgettable melody for generations to come, both today and in the future.

The work “Who Named the River?” is a famous essay by author Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường. He is a writer deeply connected to the land of Huế, and his work captures the essence and beauty of the Perfume River, a river that embodies the spirit of this dreamy region.

“Who Named the River?” is presented in an essay format, a literary form that records emotions and thoughts in the most profound and concise manner. This style allows the piece to gently yet sincerely touch the hearts of readers. Through Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường's voice, the Perfume River appears as a striking figure, breathtakingly beautiful. It is the only river that flows through the city of Huế, and because of this, it carries a unique character that no other place can replicate. Perhaps it is not only the author but also the people of Huế who feel immense pride in this fact.

Under the author's delicate pen and deep love for the region, the river becomes a mesmerizing symbol. It is described from multiple perspectives, each unveiling a new dimension, both in terms of time and space. No matter the angle, the Perfume River remains as beautiful and poetic as ever.

At first, the author portrays the Perfume River in its upstream region, where its beauty is incomparable. The image of “a free-spirited, untamed gypsy girl; wild yet pure” is lovingly crafted, bringing the reader closer to the river’s essence. The river is also likened to an epic of the ancient forest: at times loud and fierce, yet at other moments “gentle and enchanting amidst the dazzling stretches of red rhododendron blossoms in the wild.” It seems that only the color red, wild and passionate, could express the haunting yet simple beauty of the Perfume River. The beauty of the river in the upstream region is undeniably captivating and refined. This is the defining trait of Huế, a region full of romanticism and serenity.

Moreover, the Perfume River is the only river that belongs to the city of Huế. Its beauty, therefore, represents a cultural legacy that has weathered many challenges, yet remains mysterious and alluring, much like the ancient imperial capital of Huế. In the eyes of Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường, the Perfume River is like “a gentle, graceful, and soft girl in the heart of Huế.” The river is so beautifully romantic.

As the river flows into the dreamy city, leaving its upstream origins, it becomes even more captivating. The wild gypsy girl “crosses a deep gorge beneath the Ngọc Trản Mountain, and the water turns dark and profound, like philosophy...; until the sound of the Thiên Mụ temple bell is heard, and the distant clucking of chickens signals a new dawn, the Perfume River shines brightly, flowing in a soft arc, meeting the city, her curves softening, like an unspoken echo of love.” The gentle, romantic prose the author uses to describe the beauty of the Perfume River as it enters Huế’s cityscape is enchanting. The soft, mesmerizing curves of the river make readers feel astonished and captivated, with the river subtly winding its way into the hearts of all who read.

Furthermore, for the imperial city of Huế, the Perfume River has been a witness to many changes, enduring through the city's highs and lows. The river has seen it all, through the years of unforgettable moments in Huế’s history.

With simple yet refined prose and a sincere love for the land and people of Huế, Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường has presented the Perfume River in a way that makes it even more poetic and romantic. His depiction of the Perfume River makes anyone who has read it long to visit the region, to immerse themselves in the most enchanting aspects of Huế.

"Who Named the River?" is a brilliant piece of writing by Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong, where he paints the serene and poetic beauty of the Perfume River flowing through Hue. The emotional core of this piece is the distinct and unique beauty of the only river running through the city of Hue. Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong skillfully captures the essence and soul of this river, which is an integral part of Hue’s identity.

The style of the author is naturally shaped by the genre of memoir writing—free-spirited, eloquent, smooth, and delicate. His deep love for Hue, its landscapes, and the Perfume River gives the memoir its own unique hue and atmosphere. The Perfume River is celebrated as “the only river that flows through the city of Hue,” a river that winds through the city and bears witness to its changes throughout time.

The author’s initial perspective of the river is from its upper reaches, where its beauty is compared to a wild, alluring young woman. Through the author's skillful writing, the Perfume River comes alive, as “a grand symphony of the jungle,” surging through deep ravines, spiraling like a whirlwind into the abyss, and at times, gentle and captivating amidst the brilliant red of the wild azaleas.” In these few descriptive lines, Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong captures the river’s powerful yet peaceful beauty. This seems to embody the essence of the Perfume River at its source, where it faces the harsh elements of nature.

Interestingly, in the author’s perspective, the Perfume River is personified as “a wild, free-spirited girl, brave and open-hearted, with a pure soul.” This metaphor cleverly evokes the pristine and captivating beauty of the river. Through the author’s expressive writing, the upper reaches of the Perfume River emerge as mysterious, grand, and full of character.

But this is only the beginning. As the river flows towards the city of Hue, the reader is surprised by its soft, graceful, and flowing beauty. The author compares the Perfume River to “the gentle, faithful lover of the ancient capital.” It’s no coincidence that the author uses such artistic comparisons.

The Perfume River, as it approaches the city, becomes even more mesmerizing. In these passages, we sense the author’s delicate, refined writing, which reflects not just the beauty of the river, but the heartfelt affection the author has for it. Amid the wildflowers of Chau Hoa, the river is like “a beautiful girl lost in a dream,” an enchanting beauty akin to a fairy tale. The river then “continues its course, embracing the feet of Mount Thien Mu,” “flows between two towering hills like fortresses.” This poetic, unique depiction is irresistible, drawing the reader into the river’s mesmerizing beauty.

The Perfume River is both soft and smooth, “like a silk fabric,” shimmering with hues of green in the morning, golden at noon, and violet in the evening. The gradual change of colors through the day and across seasons makes the river a unique sight for anyone who wishes to gaze at it for a long time.

Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong paints the Perfume River with his words, creating the most perfect and beautiful portrait of this legendary river. The Perfume River is an integral part of the beauty of Hue, hidden in the depths of its thousands of years of culture. One of the most striking moments in the author’s portrayal is when the river flows through Hue, where it appears to “find itself” upon encountering the beloved city, becoming joyful and lively once again.

The beauty of this river can be appreciated from many perspectives. Through the lens of art, the Perfume River and its tributaries form delicate lines that shape the ancient beauty of the city; in musical terms, the river is like a slow, deep, and lyrical melody. It’s a beauty that leaves the reader spellbound, unable to pull away.

The Perfume River also serves as a historical witness, “having stood as a sentinel, guarding the southern borders of Đại Việt through the medieval centuries, and its shadow cast over the Imperial City of Phu Xuan under the hero Nguyen Hue...”

To truly understand the multifaceted beauty of the Perfume River, Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong must have a sensitive heart, deeply in love with this poetic river. His simple yet captivating writing style draws the reader into an emotional flow they can’t escape from. He has fully utilized the strengths of the memoir genre with sharpness and heartfelt emotion.

"Who Named the River?" is indeed a remarkable piece of writing, as it captures every facet of the Perfume River’s beauty.