Buzz
1. Lesson on 'Building Paragraphs in Texts' - Version 4
1. Which of the following statements about paragraphs is incorrect?
A - A paragraph is the basic unit that forms a text.
B - A paragraph must begin with a connector to link it to other paragraphs.
C - A paragraph begins with a capital letter, indented, and ends with a period, followed by a line break.
D - Each paragraph expresses a relatively complete idea.
Answer:
Review the 'Memory Notes' section in the textbook to understand the characteristics of a paragraph. Compare the four given characteristics to identify which one is not addressed. That is the incorrect statement.
2. Exercise 2, pages 36-37, Textbook.
Analyze the presentation of content in the following paragraphs:
a) Trần Đăng Khoa shows great compassion. I feel sympathy for the old man pushing a cart, his back drenched in sweat, pulling a rope to carry lime and sand to build a school... I feel sorry for the teacher who, on a rainy day, slipped on the slippery road. Therefore, I, along with the villagers, repaired the road.
b) The rain had stopped, and the sky brightened. Several chaffinch birds flew out from some tree hollow and chirped merrily. The rain ceased, and in the east, a clear sky appeared. The sun emerged, shining brightly on the clusters of lemon leaves sparkling in the light.
c) Nguyên Hồng (1918-1982), born Nguyễn Nguyên Hồng, came from Nam Định. Before the revolution, he lived mainly in Hải Phòng, in a poor working-class neighborhood. From his first work, Nguyên Hồng focused on writing about the people he deeply loved—the downtrodden. After the revolution, he continued to write diligently and was posthumously awarded the Hồ Chí Minh Prize for Literature and Arts (1996).
Answer:
To complete this exercise, review the theory on presenting content in paragraphs. Apply this knowledge to analyze the relationship between the ideas in the sentences within each paragraph and solve the problem.
a) The paragraph uses a deductive structure.
b) The paragraph follows a parallel structure.
c) The paragraph uses a parallel structure.
3. Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph:
The content of folk tales is very rich. The stories reflect the arduous struggle of the laborers to conquer nature /.../ The stories emphasize the noble character of good-hearted people, who spend their lives tending their gardens and fields /.../ The tales also expose the evil nature of the exploiting class, greedy, cruel, arrogant, and ignorant /.../.
Answer:
This exercise requires filling in three sentences into three blanks. We know that the sentences in a paragraph must be closely related in both grammatical structure and meaning, contributing to the theme of the paragraph. Therefore, the inserted sentences should enhance the theme while maintaining grammatical and meaningful coherence with the surrounding sentences. The steps for completing this exercise are as follows:
- Identify the theme of the paragraph.
- Determine the content and grammatical structure of the surrounding sentences.
- Plan the content and structure of the sentences to be inserted and how they relate to the neighboring sentences.
Here is a possible solution for your reference:
First blank: Struggling against storms, floods, and droughts.
Second blank: They are honest, simple, hardworking, and full of love for others.
Third blank: They use any underhanded tactics to exploit and rob the honest people of their food, clothes, rice, and money.
4. What type of structure does the following paragraph use? Convert the paragraph into a deductive structure.
Phan Tòng went to war and sacrificed his life, still wearing a mourning headband. Hồ Huân Nghiệp, just before his execution, had time to think of his elderly mother. Phan Đình Phùng swallowed his anger when he learned that the enemy and their collaborators had burned down his house, dug up graves, and terrorized his family. Despite having an elderly father, a weak mother, a naive wife, and young children, Cao Thắng left home to fight for the country and sacrificed his life.
Answer:
The exercise has two requirements:
- Identify the structure of the paragraph.
- Convert the paragraph into a deductive structure (a paragraph with a topic sentence at the beginning).
Requirement 1: The paragraph uses a parallel structure.
Requirement 2: The topic sentence should be placed at the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence should summarize the main idea, which could be: 'The leaders of the anti-colonial movement sacrificed their lives for the cause of national liberation.'
5. There is an essay topic:
You have a friend who lives far away and does not like reading books, believing that reading offers no benefit. Write a letter explaining to your friend the benefits of reading.
Instructions:
- Create a brief outline for your essay.
- Choose one point from your outline and develop it into a complete paragraph.
- Analyze the way you present the idea in your paragraph.
Answer:
The letter should be written in a conversational tone, aiming to convince your friend of the benefits of reading. Create an outline based on the instructions above and select one point from the outline to develop into a paragraph. Note:
- Before explaining the benefits of reading, define the term 'book.' Then, explore various aspects, such as how books help us understand life in all places, times, and fields.
- The essay must differentiate between good books, which are beneficial to read, and bad books, which are not. Finally, express your own attitude towards reading and hope that your friend adopts the same view.
Here is an outline for your reference:
Introduction:
Books are an essential intellectual nourishment.
Introduce the quote by M. Gorky: 'Books open up new horizons before me.'
Body:
- Books are the spiritual treasures created by humanity, passed down to future generations.
- Books are a treasure trove of knowledge.
- Books help us discover ourselves.
- Distinguish between good and bad books.
Conclusion:
Your attitude towards books.
Using your outline, select one point to develop into a paragraph. When writing the paragraph, the chosen point should be the main theme, and you should decide the presentation structure before writing.
6. Identify the errors in the following paragraphs and correct them:
a) In his childhood, Lê Quý Đôn was an intelligent but rebellious child. When he went to school, Lê Quý Đôn developed a habit of inquiry, research, and critique of the scientific theories commonly accepted at the time. He often participated in literary discussions with older people. No one dared to dismiss this 'young scholar' who knew a lot and was widely read.
b) The people of Văn Lang loved to sing and dance. They did so during moonlit nights or festivals. They also danced while boating and hunting. The instruments used to accompany the songs were drums, flutes, and gongs.
Answer:
This exercise asks you to identify the errors and correct them.
a) The topic sentence mentions two aspects of Lê Quý Đôn's character: intelligence and rebelliousness. However, the paragraph only develops the idea of his intelligence, and the rebellious aspect is not addressed. To complete the paragraph, you should add sentences that describe his rebelliousness during childhood. If this is difficult, you may adjust the topic sentence.
b) The topic sentence mentions two traits of the people of Văn Lang: their love for singing and dancing. The paragraph only discusses their love for singing. The idea of their love for dancing is missing. Add sentences that describe how the people of Văn Lang enjoyed dancing.
2. The Composition of 'Constructing Paragraphs in Texts' Exercise 5
I. What is a Paragraph?
Read the passage from Ngô Tất Tố and the work 'Tắt đèn' – Sgk/34.
How many ideas are there in the text? How many paragraphs are each idea written in?
The text contains two ideas, with each idea expressed in one paragraph.
How do you usually recognize a paragraph based on its structural features?
The first letter of each line is capitalized, and the paragraph ends with a period, followed by a new line.
Summarize the basic characteristics of a paragraph and define what a paragraph is.
+ A paragraph is the basic unit that forms a text.
+ Content: A paragraph typically expresses a relatively complete idea, usually formed by several sentences.
+ Structure: The first letter is capitalized, and it ends with a period followed by a new line.
* Review the memory section (point 1) in Sgk/36.
II. Thematic Words and Topic Sentences in Paragraphs:
Read silently the text 'Tắt đèn' and find the thematic words in a paragraph.
In the first paragraph, which words are used to maintain the subject?
Ngô Tất Tố, he, the writer.
A paragraph usually contains thematic words. Thematic words are those used as headings or words that are repeated multiple times (often pronouns, demonstrative words, or synonyms) to maintain the subject matter. The words 'Ngô Tất Tố', 'he', and 'the writer' are thematic words.
Read the second paragraph silently.
In the second paragraph, which words are used to maintain the subject?
'Tắt đèn' (the work).
What is the general idea of the paragraph?
The paragraph evaluates Ngô Tất Tố's outstanding success in portraying the situation of Vietnamese peasants before the August Revolution and affirms the noble qualities of hardworking people.
Which sentence in the paragraph contains this general idea?
'Tắt đèn is the most representative work of Ngô Tất Tố.'
The sentence that conveys the general idea of the paragraph is called the topic sentence. What can you say about the topic sentence? (Students…).
In a paragraph, the topic sentence typically has the following characteristics:
+ Content: The topic sentence often provides a general idea that sums up the entire paragraph.
+ Structure: It is concise and generally contains two main parts.
+ Position: It can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of the paragraph.
From the above observations, what is the role of thematic words and the topic sentence in a text?
* Review the memory section (point 2) in Sgk/36.
III. How to Organize the Content of a Paragraph:
Which paragraph contains a topic sentence, and which does not?
+ Paragraph 1: Does not contain a topic sentence.
+ Paragraph 2: Contains a topic sentence.
How are the sentences in the paragraph related?
The sentences are related equally.
What is the structure of the first paragraph? (Parallel structure).
Where is the topic sentence of the second paragraph placed? (At the beginning of the paragraph).
How is the idea in the second paragraph developed?
The idea in the second paragraph is developed using an inductive structure.
Read the passage on Sgk/35.
Does the paragraph contain a topic sentence? If so, where is it placed?
The topic sentence: 'Thus, the leaf… cell' – is placed at the end of the paragraph.
How is the content of the paragraph organized? (Inductive structure).
How many ways can you organize the content of a paragraph?
Inductive, deductive, parallel, chain.
* Review the memory section (point 3) in Sgk/36.
IV. Practice:
* Exercise 1/36:
The text 'Who is mistaken?' is divided into two ideas, each expressed in one paragraph.
* Exercise 2/36:
Deductive
Parallel
Parallel
* Exercise 3/36: Write a paragraph using a deductive structure with the topic sentence 'Our history has had many great wars of resistance, demonstrating the spirit of our people.'
'Our history has had many great wars of resistance, demonstrating the patriotic spirit of our people. Since ancient times, under the feudal dynasties, our people have faced numerous invasions from northern feudal powers. Yet, with deep patriotism, overcoming all disadvantages compared to the enemy, our people achieved brilliant victories under the leadership of Hai Bà Trưng, Trần Hưng Đạo, King Quang Trung,… Most recently, we triumphed over the two most powerful nations in the world, the American empire and French colonialists.'
3. Composition Exercise 'Constructing Paragraphs in Texts' Number 1
I. Concept of a Paragraph
Question 1 (Page 34, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
The text consists of two main points:
+ A summary of the author Ngô Tất Tố
+ A conclusion on the outstanding value of the work 'Tắt đèn'
Question 2 (Page 34, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
To identify a paragraph based on its structure:
+ The first letter of the first line is indented and capitalized, and the paragraph ends with a period followed by a new line.
+ A paragraph typically consists of multiple sentences.
+ Content-wise: A paragraph expresses a complete idea (a point).
+ The two paragraphs in the given text correspond to the two main points.
Question 3 (Page 34, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
A paragraph is the fundamental unit that forms a text and conveys a specific content. The structure begins with an indented first line, ends with a period, and a line break. The content of the paragraph is consistent and complete in terms of its idea. Other elements in the paragraph may not always be fully developed in terms of content.
II. Words and Sentences in a Paragraph
1. Thematic Words and Topic Sentences in a Paragraph
a. Words that maintain the consistency of the entire paragraph: 'Ngô Tất Tố', 'He', 'the writer', 'his main work'
- These words maintain the thematic unity of the paragraph.
b. The sentence 'Tắt đèn is the most representative work of Ngô Tất Tố' encapsulates the main idea of the paragraph; it serves as the key sentence of the paragraph.
+ In this case, the topic sentence appears at the beginning of the paragraph.
c. The topic sentence encapsulates the entire content of the paragraph, is concise, and includes the main components. It can appear at the beginning or end of the paragraph.
2. How to Present the Content of a Paragraph
a. In terms of structure:
+ Both texts above are similar in their approach to presenting content: Ngô Tất Tố and his work 'Tắt đèn'.
- In terms of content:
+ The first paragraph does not have a topic sentence.
+ The second paragraph has a topic sentence.
- Expression style:
+ The theme of the first paragraph is presented using a parallel structure.
+ The theme of the second paragraph is presented using a deductive structure.
- The topic sentence in a paragraph is maintained by key thematic words. A paragraph must always have a topic sentence, and the sentences within the paragraph must clarify and support the paragraph's theme.
b. The topic sentence 'Thus, the color of the leaf is green because of the chlorophyll contained in its cells' is placed at the end of the paragraph.
+ This paragraph is structured using an inductive method.
Practice
Exercise 1 (Page 35, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
The text consists of two paragraphs, each conveying a distinct main idea:
+ The scholar writes the eulogy for his late father.
+ The family head reproaches the scholar for writing the wrong eulogy, and the scholar stubbornly insists that 'the death was a mistake.'
Question 2 (Page 34, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
a. The topic sentence 'Trần Đăng Khoa knows how to love deeply' follows a deductive approach (from general to specific).
b. The paragraph does not have a topic sentence, but its theme is maintained using key thematic words such as 'rain stops', 'clear sky', 'the sky' – this follows a parallel structure.
c. The paragraph lacks a topic sentence, and its theme is maintained with words such as 'Nguyên Hồng', 'he', 'the pen', 'writing' – this follows a parallel structure.
Exercise 3 (Page 37, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
Our history is filled with many great wars of resistance, demonstrating the patriotic spirit of our people. Looking back, we take pride in national heroes such as Hai Bà Trưng, Lê Lợi, Quang Trung… Next came the determined, unyielding struggles against French colonialists and American imperialists, where our ancestors sacrificed their lives for our freedom today. The foreign invaders may have changed with time, but throughout history, what remains constant is the unity and deep patriotism of our nation.
Exercise 4 (Page 37, 8th-grade Literature textbook)
a. Explaining the meaning of the proverb (inductive): Success is achieving the set goals in one's life. Failure, in contrast, is stumbling or not achieving desired results. 'Failure is the mother of success' is a profound proverb, offering sincere advice based on experience that failure is the path to success.
b. Explaining why our ancestors said 'Failure is the mother of success': At first glance, this may seem contradictory, but it is true. After each failure, we identify the causes of mistakes, learn valuable lessons, avoid repeating the same errors, and progressively move toward success.
4. Composition Exercise 'Constructing Paragraphs in Texts' Number 2
Part I
I. WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH?
Read the text on Ngô Tất Tố and his work "Tắt đèn" (page 40, Literature 8, Volume 1) and answer the following questions:
1. How many main ideas does the text have? How many paragraphs are used to express each idea?
2. What formal features do you typically use to identify a paragraph?
3. Summarize the basic characteristics of a paragraph and explain what it is.
Answer:
1. The text contains two main ideas:
+ An overview of the author Ngô Tất Tố
+ A summary of the prominent values of the work Tắt đèn
2. A paragraph is identified by:
+ The first word of the paragraph is indented and capitalized, and the paragraph ends with a period and a new line.
+ Each paragraph typically consists of several sentences.
+ The content of a paragraph conveys a single idea (thesis).
+ The two paragraphs in the text correspond to the two ideas.
3. A paragraph is a unit that directly contributes to the formation of a text, expressing a specific idea. It begins with an indent, ends with a period, and is separated by line breaks. The content of the paragraph is coherent and fully expresses the idea. Other elements within the paragraph may not always present a fully developed idea.
Part II
II. VOCABULARY AND SENTENCES IN A PARAGRAPH
1. Topic words and the topic sentence of a paragraph
a. Read the first paragraph of the text and identify the words that help maintain the focus of the paragraph.
b. Read the second paragraph of the text and identify the key sentence. Why is it the topic sentence?
c. Based on these observations, what do you understand by the topic words and the topic sentence? What role do they play in the text?
Answer:
a. The words that maintain the idea of the entire paragraph are: "Ngô Tất Tố", "He", "the writer", "his main work".
→ These words ensure coherence and maintain the focus of the paragraph throughout the text.
b. The sentence "Tắt đèn is the most representative work of Ngô Tất Tố" summarizes the main idea of the paragraph, making it the key sentence.
+ In this case, the topic sentence appears at the beginning of the paragraph.
c. A topic sentence encapsulates the main idea of the paragraph. It is concise, includes all essential components, and can appear either at the beginning or end of the paragraph.
2. How to present the content of a paragraph
a. The content of a paragraph can be presented in various ways. Analyze and compare how the ideas are presented in the two paragraphs from the text above.
b. Does the paragraph have a topic sentence? How is the content of the paragraph presented?
Answer:
a. In terms of form:
+ Both paragraphs use a similar approach to presenting content: Ngô Tất Tố and the work Tắt đèn
- In terms of content:
+ The first paragraph does not have a topic sentence
+ The second paragraph includes a topic sentence
- In terms of expression:
+ The first paragraph presents its theme using a parallel structure
+ The second paragraph presents its theme using a deductive structure
→ The topic sentence in the paragraph is supported by key words. Every paragraph must have a topic sentence, and the sentences within it should clarify the paragraph's theme.
b. The topic sentence "Thus, the green color of leaves is due to the chlorophyll in the cells" appears at the end of the paragraph.
+ This paragraph follows an inductive structure.
Part III
III. PRACTICE
Answer Question 1 (page 36, Literature 8, Volume 1):
How many ideas are there in the following text? How many paragraphs express each idea?
THE MISTAKE
Once, there was a teacher who taught in a family. Unfortunately, the lady of the house passed away, and the husband asked the teacher to write a funeral oration. The teacher, being lazy, took his own father's oration and gave it to the family.
When the oration was read during the ceremony, the guests couldn’t help but laugh. Annoyed, the homeowner called the teacher and scolded him: "How could you make such a mistake?" The teacher retorted, "My oration is never wrong. It’s just that your family must have had a mistake in the death."
(Vietnamese Folktales)
Detailed answer:
The text has two paragraphs with two main ideas, each expressed in one paragraph:
+ The teacher writes a funeral oration for his own father
+ The homeowner scolds the teacher for the mistake, and the teacher arrogantly defends his mistake by saying "the death was a mistake"
Answer Question 2 (page 36, Literature 8, Volume 1):
Analyze how the content is presented in the following paragraphs:
a) Trần Đăng Khoa shows great affection. I feel for the man pushing the ox cart, "sweat soaking his back, the rope taut", carrying lime and sand to build a school, and I invite him to my house… I also sympathize with the teacher who fell in the rain, so the villagers immediately repaired the road.
(Xuân Diệu)
b) The rain has stopped. The sky is clearing. A few birds fly out from some tree hollow, chirping cheerfully. The rain stops, and to the east, the sky is completely clear. The sun shines brightly on the sparkling pomelo leaves.
(Tô Hoài, O Chuột)
c) Nguyên Hồng (1918 - 1982), born Nguyễn Nguyên Hồng, was from Nam Định city. Before the Revolution, he mainly lived in Hải Phòng, a port city among the working-class neighborhoods. From his first works, Nguyên Hồng focused his writing on the oppressed people he loved dearly. After the Revolution, he continued to write prolifically, producing novels, memoirs, and poetry, with his best-known works being epic multi-volume novels. Nguyên Hồng was awarded the Hồ Chí Minh Prize in literature in 1996.
(Literature 8, Volume 1)
Detailed answer:
a. The topic sentence "Trần Đăng Khoa shows great affection" is presented deductively (from general to specific)
b. There is no topic sentence, the theme of the paragraph is maintained by words like "the rain stopped, the sky cleared" and follows a parallel structure.
c. There is no topic sentence, but the theme is maintained by words such as "Nguyên Hồng, he, pen, writing..." and follows a parallel structure.
Answer Question 3 (page 37, Literature 8, Volume 1):
With the topic sentence: "Our history has many great wars of resistance that prove the patriotic spirit of our people", write a paragraph using a deductive structure, and then transform it into an inductive structure.
Detailed answer:
Our history has seen many great wars of resistance that prove the patriotic spirit of our people. The people were united, with one heart and mind, and in the past, they defeated the Tống army twice, the Nguyên Mông army three times, fought for ten years against the Minh invaders, and eradicated the Thanh invaders. Notably, in the modern era, after nearly a century of fighting against the French, we won after nine years of long and hard resistance and defeated the Americans for twenty years, achieving national reunification.
• Transform the deductive paragraph into an inductive one:
Many people were united, fighting fiercely against the invaders, including the Tống army, Nguyên Mông, Minh, Thanh, and particularly the French and Americans, leading to the eventual victory and reunification of the country. Our history has many great wars of resistance that prove the patriotic spirit of our people.
Answer Question 4 (page 37, Literature 8, Volume 1):
Choose one of the three ideas above and write a paragraph. Then, analyze how the content of that paragraph is presented.
Detailed answer:
Explaining the meaning of the proverb: "Failure is the mother of success"
In life, everyone has their own goal to strive for, to achieve success. The path to true success is not easy. The journey contains countless difficulties and challenges that may cause us to stumble. However, the most important thing is to rise after each failure. Failure and success are two opposites. Failure is the source of success; to succeed, one must be steadfast through hardships and setbacks. This proverb advises us to remain resolute in the face of life's challenges, as only then can we reach our true success.
5. Lesson plan "Building paragraphs in a text" number 3
I. Key theoretical knowledge to remember:
• A paragraph is the basic unit of a text, starting with a capitalized first letter and ending with a period or line break. It usually expresses a relatively complete idea and often consists of several sentences.
• A paragraph typically contains a topic word and a topic sentence. Topic words are those used as headings or repeated terms (usually subjects, pronouns, or synonyms) that maintain the subject of the paragraph. The topic sentence presents the general content, is concise, and typically contains two main parts, placed either at the beginning or the end of the paragraph.
• The sentences in a paragraph are responsible for elaborating and clarifying the paragraph's main theme using methods like deduction, induction, or parallelism.
II. What is a paragraph?
Read the text by Ngô Tất Tố and the work “Tắt đèn” (page 34, Vietnamese Language 8, Volume 1) and answer the questions:
1. How many main ideas does the text contain? How many paragraphs are used to express each idea?
2. What formal signs do you usually use to identify a paragraph?
3. Summarize the basic characteristics of a paragraph and explain what defines a paragraph.
Answer:
1: The text contains two main ideas, each expressed in one paragraph: + The first idea introduces the biography of Ngô Tất Tố. + The second idea introduces the content of the work Tắt đèn.
2: The formal signs to identify a paragraph are: + The capitalized first letter of the first word, followed by a period and a line break.
+ A paragraph usually contains multiple sentences.
3: Content-wise, a paragraph expresses a relatively complete idea.
III. Words and sentences in a paragraph
1. Topic words and topic sentences of a paragraph
a. Read the first paragraph of the above text and identify the words that help maintain the subject within the paragraph.
b. Read the second paragraph and find the key sentence. How do you know this is the topic sentence?
c. Based on your understanding, what are topic words and topic sentences, and what role do they play in the text?
Answer:
+ The topic words of the first paragraph are: “Ngô Tất Tố, from Bắc Ninh, a scholar with many philosophical works... a famous journalist, an outstanding realist writer.”
+ The topic sentence of the second paragraph is: “Tắt đèn is a representative work of Ngô Tất Tố.”
+ The topic sentence provides a general statement, summarizing the whole paragraph. The following sentences prove and explain how the work is exemplary both in content and artistic style.
2. Presentation of content within a paragraph
a. Content in a paragraph can be presented in many ways. Analyze and compare how the two paragraphs in the text above present their ideas.
b. Does the paragraph have a topic sentence? How is the content presented in the paragraph?
Answer:
a) Analysis of how the paragraphs in Ngô Tất Tố’s text and Tắt đèn are presented:
• The first paragraph: It lacks a clear topic sentence. The elements maintaining the subject are key words, and the relationship between the sentences is parallel. Each sentence presents a different aspect of the author’s biography, moving from his background (hometown, name) to his career achievements. ➜ Parallel structure.
• The second paragraph: The topic sentence is placed at the beginning. The idea of the paragraph develops from a general statement to a more specific explanation ➜ Deductive structure.
b) Example paragraph:
“The cells in plant leaves contain many chloroplasts. These chloroplasts contain a substance called chlorophyll, which gives the leaves their green color. The reason the chlorophyll appears green is because it absorbs light in other colors, especially red and blue, but reflects green light, which is why we see the leaves as green. Thus, leaves are green because of the chlorophyll found in their cells.”
• The topic sentence in this paragraph is at the end.
• The content follows a chain structure, where one sentence logically explains the next.
Practice
1 - Page 36 of the textbook
How many main ideas does the following text contain? How many paragraphs are used to express each idea?
Answer:
The text “Who’s mistaken?”:
+ The text is divided into two main ideas, with each idea presented in one paragraph.
+ The first paragraph is presented using a parallel structure, discussing the theme of the lazy teacher.
+ The second paragraph uses parallelism to discuss the theme of the teacher’s oddness.
2 - Page 36 of the textbook
Analyze how the content is presented in the following paragraphs (pages 36 & 37).
Answer:
+ Paragraph (a) follows a deductive structure.
The topic sentence at the beginning: “Trần Đăng Khoa is very compassionate,” followed by two sentences offering examples that explain this statement.
+ Paragraph (b) follows a parallel structure, describing the landscape after the rain from when it starts to stop until it fully clears (time order).
+ Paragraph (c) follows a parallel structure.
• It introduces the writer Nguyên Hồng
• The content is presented in a time sequence: before and after the revolution.
3 - Page 37 of the textbook
With the topic sentence: “Our history has witnessed many great wars, demonstrating the patriotic spirit of our people,” write a paragraph using the deductive method, then transform it into an inductive paragraph.
Sample paragraph:
“Our history contains numerous great wars that demonstrate the patriotic spirit of the Vietnamese people. From the time of Chinese domination, we fought in uprisings for independence, led by figures like Hai Bà Trưng, Mai Thúc Loan, and Ngô Quyền. After achieving independence, we fought many wars to protect it, such as the wars against the Chinese in the Song Dynasty, the Mongol invasions under the Trần Dynasty, and the resistance against the Ming led by Lê Lợi. More recently, we had the wars against the French and Americans.”
4 - Page 37 of the textbook
The proverb “Failure is the mother of success” is explained by a classmate with several ideas ( ... Page 37 of the textbook). Choose one of these ideas to write a paragraph and analyze how the content is presented.
Answer:
+ You can choose any of the ideas and write a paragraph in the requested format, using deduction, induction, or parallelism...
+ Sample paragraph:
“Every failure brings valuable lessons. A failure today lays the foundation for future success. Each time we fall, we rise stronger and more experienced, as each stumble teaches us to be more courageous. Just like success, failure is essential to personal growth.”
