Top 5 Best Preparations for 'From Common Language to Personal Speech (Continued)' (Literature 11)

III. The Relationship Between Common Language and Personal Speech (Page 35, Literature 11 Textbook, Volume 1)

IV. Practice (Pages 35-36, Literature 11 Textbook, Volume 1)

Exercise 1

From 'nách':

- Original meaning: referring to the position on the body.

- In the verse: referring to the point where two walls meet.

=> Transferred meaning through metaphor.

Exercise 2

a. In HXH's verse:

From 'xuân':

- Referring to the spring season,

- Referring to the vitality and emotional needs of youth.

b. In Nguyễn Du's verse:

From 'xuân': Referring to the beauty of a young girl.

c. In Nguyễn Khuyến's verse:

From 'xuân':

- Referring to the intense flavor of fine wine,

- Overflowing vitality and deep friendship.

d. In HCM's verse:

- First 'xuân': Referring to the first season of the year;

- Second 'xuân': Referring to new life, renewal. (transferred meaning)

Exercise 3

a. The sun in Huy Cận's poetry:

- Original meaning: the natural sun,

- Used metaphorically.

b. The sun in Tố Hữu's verse:

Transferred meaning, referring to the revolutionary ideal.

c. In Nguyễn Khoa Điềm's verse:

- First 'sun': used in its original sense

- Second 'sun': used metaphorically, referring to the child of a mother (for a mother, a child is a source of joy, trust, and light in her life).

Exercise 4

a. The word 'mọn mằn':

- Created from the word 'mọn' with the meaning of being so small that it is insignificant.

- According to the construction rule:

+ A reduplicated word with the initial consonant (m).

+ The root word comes first, followed by the reduplicated part.

+ The reduplicated part changes to the 'ăn' rhyme.

=> Similar words: 'may mắn', 'nhọc nhằn', 'nhỏ nhắn', etc.

b. The word 'giỏi giắn':

Created from 'giỏi' and follows the same construction rule as 'mọn mằn'.

c. The word 'nội soi':

- Created from two existing words:

+ 'Nội': inside

+ 'Soi': to use a tool to examine something in a deep, hidden position

- According to the principle: the modifier goes before and qualifies the main word.

Question 1 (page 35, Literature 11 Textbook, Volume 1)

- The meaning of the word "nách" in the poem by Nguyễn Du: refers to the junction between two walls.

=> The meaning shift is based on the similarity of the position on the human body and on objects.

Question 2 (page 35, Literature 11 Textbook, Volume 1)

The word "xuân" originally signifies the first season of the year, commonly known as spring. However, in literature, "xuân" takes on multiple meanings:

Line 1:

- Xuân (going): youth, the beauty of a person.

- Xuân (again): The literal meaning, referring to the season of spring.

Line 2:

- Xuân means: the beauty of a young woman.

=> A metaphorical meaning shift.

Line 3:

- Xuân refers to: the intoxicating effect of fine wine, vitality, and strong bonds of friendship.

=> A metaphorical meaning shift.

Line 4:

- The first "xuân" (literal meaning): refers to spring.

- The second "xuân" (metaphorical meaning): symbolizes new life, prosperity, and wealth.

Question 3 (page 35, Literature 11 Textbook, Volume 1)

The word "mặt trời" (sun) in its original meaning refers to a hot, luminous celestial body far from Earth, providing warmth and light to the planet. When used in poetry, the term "mặt trời" takes on different meanings:

a) The sun in Huy Cận's poetry retains its original meaning (the natural sun)

b) The sun represents the ideal of revolution

c)

- The first "sun" is used in its literal sense

- The second "sun" refers to a child, a source of hope and light in the mother's life.

=> A metaphorical meaning shift.

Question 4 (page 35, Literature 11 Textbook, Volume 1)

a)

- New word: "mọn mằn"

- Existing word: "mọn" meaning something small to the point of being insignificant.

- Formation rule: reduplication of two syllables, repeating the initial consonant.

=> The word "mọn mằn" means something petty, trivial, insignificant.

b)

- New word: "giỏi giắn"

- Existing word: "giỏi"

- Formation rule: reduplication of two syllables, repeating the initial consonant (sound "gi").

=> "Giỏi giắn" means highly skilled (with a sense of admiration and affection).

c)

- New word: "nội soi"

- Formed from two existing words ("nội", "soi")

- According to the rule, the main verb (soi) comes last, and the adverb (nội) precedes it to clarify the meaning.

III. The Relationship Between Common Language and Personal Speech

Note (page 35, Literature 11, Volume 1)

IV. Practice Exercises

Question 1 (page 35, Literature 11, Volume 1):

- The word 'nách' is used by Nguyễn Du to describe the junction between two walls surrounding a house (the corner of the wall).

- The author has metaphorically transformed the meaning of 'nách' from referring to a body part to indicating a corner of the wall. This image brings more depth to the poetry compared to simply using the word 'wall corner'.

Question 2 (page 36, Literature 11, Volume 1):

- In the verse: 'Ngán nỗi xuân đi xuân lại lại,' the word 'xuân' represents both the season of spring and the youthfulness, vitality, and emotional needs of youth.

- In the verse: 'Cành xuân đã bẻ cho người chuyên tay,' 'xuân' signifies the beauty of a young woman, specifically Thúy Kiều.

- The word 'xuân' in 'Chén quỳnh tương ăm ắp bầu xuân' symbolizes the joyful, deep friendship shared between companions.

- In Hồ Chí Minh's lines: The first 'xuân' refers to the literal season of spring, while the second 'xuân' is a metaphor for renewal, fresh energy, and beauty.

Question 3 (page 36, Literature 11, Volume 1):

a. In Huy Cận's verses, the term 'sun' is used literally to refer to a celestial body, but through personification, it becomes more familiar and vibrant.

b. In Tố Hữu's verses, 'sun' is metaphorically used to represent truth, ideals, and the revolutionary cause.

c. In Nguyễn Khoa Điềm's verses:

- The first 'sun' refers to the literal meaning of the celestial body.

- The second 'sun' is used metaphorically to refer to a child on a mother's back, representing happiness, hope, and the guiding light of the mother's life.

Question 4 (page 36, Literature 11, Volume 1):

a. The word 'mọn mằn' is a new term formed through the process of creating new words in Vietnamese:

- 'Mọn' means small and insignificant.

- The word follows the rule of reduplication: the initial consonant 'm' is repeated.

- It also adheres to the phonetic structure by placing 'mọn' before 'mằn' and changing the tone from falling to level.

⇒ 'Mọn mằn' means something trivial or insignificant.

b. 'Giỏi giắn' is another new term created using the reduplication process in Vietnamese:

- Based on 'giỏi,' which denotes proficiency or talent.

- It follows the reduplication rule, with the consonant 'gi' repeated.

- The order of the syllables places the root 'giỏi' before 'giắn.'

⇒ 'Giỏi giắn' means someone exceptionally skilled, with a positive connotation of admiration.

c. 'Nội soi' is a recent medical term created by combining existing words:

- It is formed from the words 'nội' (inside) and 'soi' (to look).

- The term follows the pattern of compound word formation, with the main word 'nội' placed before 'soi' to specify the meaning of looking inside.

⇒ 'Nội soi' refers to the procedure where a small tube is inserted into the body to examine and diagnose medical conditions.

Practice Exercises

Question 1 (page 35, Literature 11, Volume 1):

The word 'nách' in the phrase 'Nách tường bông liễu bay sang láng giềng' is used in a metaphorical sense, meaning the wall or corner of the wall.

Question 2 (page 35, Literature 11, Volume 1):

- The word 'xuân' in 'Ngán nỗi xuân đi xuân lại lại' represents both the season of spring and the passing of time, as well as the youthfulness of a woman.

- The word 'xuân' in 'Cành xuân đã bẻ cho người chuyên tay' symbolizes a beautiful young woman, specifically Thúy Kiều.

- The word 'xuân' in 'Chén quỳnh tương ăm ắp bầu xuân' symbolizes beautiful memories and deep friendships.

- The word 'xuân' in 'Mùa xuân là Tết trồng cây' refers to the literal spring season, while in 'Làm cho đất nước càng ngày càng xuân,' it metaphorically represents vitality and growth.

Question 3 (page 35, Literature 11, Volume 1):

- In Huy Cận's verses, 'sun' is compared to 'a burning flame,' emphasizing its vivid, warm imagery.

- In Tố Hữu's verses, 'sun' is used as a metaphor for the ideals and dreams of the revolution and the party.

- In Nguyễn Khoa Điềm's verses, 'sun' represents both the literal celestial body and a child, metaphorically symbolizing the hope and driving force behind a mother's labor and life.

Question 4 (page 35, Literature 11, Volume 1):

a. 'Mọn mằn' is a newly coined term formed by modifying the word 'mọn,' meaning small and insignificant, through the reduplication process.

b. 'Giỏi giắn' is a new word formed from 'giỏi,' meaning skilled, through the reduplication pattern.

c. 'Ca-mê-ra' is a borrowed term from Latin, representing 'camera,' following the rule of loanword creation.

III. Relationship Between Common Language and Personal Speech

The common language of society serves as the foundation for producing and understanding individual speech. Conversely, personal speech reflects both the common language and individual peculiarities. Furthermore, individuals can innovate, contributing to the transformation and development of the common language.

Exercises

Question 1 (page 36 of Literature 11 Textbook):

The corner of the wall where the willow branches fly over to the neighbor

(Nguyễn Du – The Tale of Kiều)

The word 'nách' (armpit) in Nguyễn Du’s verse refers to a corner of a wall. Here, Nguyễn Du has shifted the meaning of 'nách' from its bodily connotation to describe the junction between two walls forming a corner. Thus, the word 'nách' in this line is used metaphorically.

Question 2 (page 36 of Literature 11 Textbook):

The word 'xuân' (spring) initially refers to the season transitioning from winter to summer, characterized by rising temperatures and marking the beginning of the year. However, in literature, 'xuân' takes on various meanings:

- In the line: 'Bored with the fleeting spring, the spring returns' (Hồ Xuân Hương), 'xuân' refers to both the season and the vitality and emotional needs of youth.

- In Nguyễn Du's verse: 'The spring branch was bent for the one who used it in her hands,' the word 'xuân' here symbolizes the beauty and youthful age of a woman.

- In Nguyễn Khuyến's lines: 'The wine's spring flows, overflowing with the taste of spring' (Chén quỳnh tương ắp bầu xuân), 'xuân' refers both to the season and metaphorically to the energetic flow of youth and the strong friendship bonds.

- In Hồ Chí Minh's verse:

The spring is the time to plant trees

To make the country grow ever more youthful.

The first 'xuân' refers to the spring season, while the second refers to new life, vitality, and the blossoming future.

Question 3 (page 36 of Literature 11 Textbook):

The word 'mặt trời' (sun), in its original meaning, refers to a hot, bright celestial body located far from Earth, providing warmth and light. When used in poetry, 'mặt trời' takes on various meanings:

a, In Huy Cận's verses:

The sun sets like a flame

Waves lock the doors of the night

Here, 'mặt trời' is used in its literal meaning.

b, In Tố Hữu's verses:

Since that time, light poured in like the summer sun

The sun of truth shines through my heart

In this case, 'mặt trời' metaphorically symbolizes truth and revolutionary ideals.

c, In Nguyễn Khoa Điềm’s lines:

The sun of maize is on the hill

The sun of a mother lies on her back

The first 'mặt trời' is used in its literal sense, while the second carries a metaphorical meaning, referring to a mother's child. For a mother, her child represents happiness, hope, and the guiding light in life.

Question 4 (page 36 of Literature 11 Textbook):

a, The word 'mọn mằn' is a neologism created by an individual, not yet part of the common language:

- 'Mọn' means something very small, insignificant.

- The general construction rules are:

+ The word is reduplicated with the initial consonant repeated.

+ The root word ('mọn') precedes, and the reduplicated word follows.

+ The reduplicated word alters the initial consonant to a similar sound 'ăn'.

b, In the second case, 'giỏi giắn' is also a neologism, formed using the same pattern: reduplication of the initial consonant and changing the vowel sound, meaning very skilled (expressing admiration and affection).

c, The word 'nội soi' is a compound word created from two existing words in the language, 'nội' and 'soi,' following the compound word structure of main and auxiliary components, where the main part refers to the activity and the auxiliary adds meaning.