Top 6 Best Analyses of Tản Đà's "Hầu trời" for 11th Grade

A. MAIN KNOWLEDGE

1. Author:

Tản Đà (1889 -1939): a "man of two centuries", his real name was Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu.
Hometown: Khê Thượng village, Bất Bạt district, Sơn Tây province (now Hanoi). The pen name Tản Đà is derived from his homeland's Tản Mountain and Đà River.
Career:
He began studying Chinese characters as a child. After two unsuccessful attempts at the Hương exams, he abandoned them and turned to writing in Vietnamese.
Some of his notable works include: "Khối tình con", "Giấc mộng con", and "Còn chơi", demonstrating a wide variety of genres.
His writing reflects his rebellious, free-spirited character.

2. Summary of the Poem:

"Hầu trời" is a poem featured in the collection "Còn chơi", first published in 1921. In the early 20th century, romanticism emerged as a poetic outlet for intellectuals in a society under colonial rule, full of darkness and injustice. While these intellectuals wanted to resist, none had the courage to act. Tản Đà wrote this poem to express his feelings. Through it, he boldly presents his rebellious self, his awareness of his talent, his true worth, and his longing for recognition in the world. The poem tells of Tản Đà being invited to the heavens to read his poetry to the gods and celestial beings, where the recitation and dialogue about the heavens unfold. With the use of the free-flowing seven-character verse and a lively, natural tone, the poem resonates with readers, capturing even the most demanding ones.

B. EXERCISES AND SOLUTIONS

Question 1: Page 17, Literature 11, Volume 2

Analyze the first stanza. How does the opening of the poem create a feeling for the reader about the story the author is about to tell?

Solution:
The first line of the poem presents the situation objectively: the story I am about to tell "may or may not be true." The listeners may think it is fabricated, but the author affirms that he is in a very normal state, "Not panicking, not daydreaming", and the story seems to be real:
"Truly the soul! Truly the spirit! Truly the body!
Truly reaching the heavens – what a strange joy."
The repetition of "Truly" combined with several exclamatory marks emphasizes the authenticity of the story the author is about to tell.
The way the story is introduced creates a sense of mystery and curiosity in the reader, making them eager to find out how the story will unfold.

Question 2: Page 17, Literature 11, Volume 2
How does the author narrate the story of reading poetry to Heaven and the celestial beings? What can you sense about the poet's personality and his sincere yearning from the poem? What do you think about the author's narrative voice?
Solution:
Attitude of the poet:
"Reading from poetry to prose
From theoretical writing to casual writing"
The poet is very enthusiastic as he moves from "poetry" to "prose"... and his confidence grows as he reads, saying that the more he reads, the more "his writing becomes longer and better, rising to the clouds!" The more he reads, the more inspiration he feels, and the better his writing becomes, detailing his works with joy.
The celestial beings' reactions are described with a variety of emotions such as: smiling, sticking out their tongues, furrowing their brows, attentively standing, yearning, competing to advise... all showing admiration and respect for the poet.
Heaven's compliments:
"The words are as beautiful as shooting stars!
The writing style is as powerful as the shifting clouds!"
This shows that Heaven did not spare any praise for the poet’s work, appreciating his writing, and expressing admiration for his talents.
From this section of the poem, the poet’s personality is revealed: he is a person with a strong sense of individuality, and in the human world, his talents were disregarded. Poetry is "as cheap as weeds"; thus, he turns to Heaven to assert his worth.
He is highly self-aware and even praises himself (the praises from Heaven and celestial beings are essentially self-compliments). This is not arrogance or a lack of humility within the context of a traditionally humble Vietnamese society, but rather a true recognition of his own abilities.
The author’s narrative voice is enthusiastic, upbeat, and proud.

Question 3: Page 17, Literature 11, Volume 2
The dominant theme of the poem is romanticism, but there is a very realistic section in the poem. Which section is it? What is the meaning of that part? In your opinion, how are the two sources of inspiration linked in Tản Đà’s poetry?
Solution:
The main theme of the poem is romanticism, but there is a very realistic section in the poem. This is when Tản Đà talks to Heaven about the struggles of those who pursue a literary career in a colonial, semi-feudal society:
"Dear Heaven, my life is truly poor
....
Do I dare to continue?"
In this section, the poet reflects on his own difficult life: "I have no land", "Literature in this world is as cheap as weeds"... the poet’s life is poor, he has no land, and his literary works are worthless. Despite having "a mind full of poetry", his works are as cheap as weeds, so even after working all year round, he can barely survive and faces constant oppression. The poet's life is extremely tough.
In this poem, the author skillfully combines romanticism with realism, giving the reader a full picture of life—one that is both poetic and painfully real. This mixture allows us to understand more about the poet's soul: despite the hardships of society, he remains bold and still possesses a deep poetic spirit.

Question 4: Page 17, Literature 11, Volume 2
What is new and special about the artistic style of this poem?
Solution:
The new and special artistic features of this poem include:
Form: A free-flowing seven-character verse that is not bound by any strict structure.
Language: Witty, charming, and captivating, drawing in readers.
Expression of emotions: Free and unrestrained.
Under the poet’s pen, both Heaven and the celestial beings are not portrayed as solemn; rather, they express emotions in an amusing, down-to-earth way (sticking out tongues, furrowing brows, competing to advise...).

I. A Brief Introduction to the Author Tản Đà
- Tản Đà (1889-1939), born Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu
- He was born and raised during a transitional period, where classical Chinese studies had faded, but Western education was just beginning. Thus, his personal character, education, lifestyle, and literary career all bear the marks of both centuries.
- He studied Chinese literature from a young age but abandoned his examination attempts after two rounds of the Hương exam to focus on writing in the national language.
- Major works:
+ Poetry: Khối tình con I, II
+ Fiction: Giấc mộng con I, II
+ Essays: Khối tình bản chính, Khối tình bản phụ
+ Poetry and Prose: Còn chơi
+ Autobiography: Giấc mộng lớn, Thơ Tản Đà
- Artistic style:
+ A fresh, new soul, a romantic, free-spirited self, both bold and whimsical, yet filled with tenderness and affection.
+ An independent path, blending the origins of folk poetry with unique and brilliant innovations.
+ His poetry and prose serve as a bridge between the two literary eras of the nation: the classical and the modern.

II. A Glimpse of the Poem Hầu Trời (Tản Đà)
1. Origin
- Published in the poetry collection Còn chơi in 1921.
2. Structure
- Part 1 (from the beginning to “sướng lạ lùng”): Introduction to the story.
- Part 2 (to “Anh gánh lên đây bán chợ trời”): The poet reads his poem to Heaven and the immortals.
- Part 3 (the rest): The poet converses with Heaven.
3. Thematic significance
- Through this poem, the author conveys his bold, carefree, and individualistic self, his awareness of his talents, and his yearning to assert his value in life.
4. Artistic value
- The poem features creative artistry in its form: the relatively free seven-character lines, a relaxed and natural tone, and simple, vivid, and humorous language.

III. Answering the Questions

Question 1:

* Introduction to the poem:

- The opening stanza with four lines raises questions, arousing curiosity: The story seems like a dream, a fabrication “whether it’s true or not,” but it feels somewhat real:

- Repetition of the word “really”: 4 times/2 lines;

- Exclamation and rhythm of 2/2/3: Confirming with certainty, reinforcing belief, and creating an impression that the event is entirely true:

⟹ Thus, the introduction is distinctive and charming, creating curiosity and drawing readers’ attention to the poet’s ascension to Heaven.

Question 2:

The scene of reading poetry to Heaven and the immortals:

* The poet’s attitude while reading the poem:

- The poet reads with great enthusiasm, joy, and a sense of pride in his own work: In a moment of self-contentment, reading poetry amidst the clouds.

- He has the desire to share his literary works, his intellectual offspring, with Heaven and the immortals. Proud, self-admiring: The writing is rich and full of variety...

- The poet’s tone is both expressive and humorous, lively and engaging, captivating the listeners.

⟹ The poet’s personality and sincere yearning:

- Tản Đà is highly aware of his talent and boldly displays his individuality. These verses demonstrate his pride in his creative abilities. His act of presenting his work to Heaven shows his audacity in asserting his talent before the Jade Emperor and the immortals.

- A genuine longing in the poet’s heart.

* The attitude of Heaven and the immortals while listening to the poem: The general reaction: deeply moved; admiration and reverence: clapping in unison:

+ Heaven’s attitude:

- High praise;

- Overflowing admiration:

“Heaven also praises: Truly excellent literature!

The literature expressed this way must be rare!

The style is as beautiful as a shooting star!

The language powerful like shifting clouds!

Soft as a breeze, pure as dew!

Heavy as a downpour, cold as snow!”

+ The immortals were deeply moved, admiring and revering:

“Hearts bloom with joy, tongues wagging

Hằng Nga, Chức Nữ raise their brows

Song Thành, Tiểu Ngọc listen attentively

After reading one poem, everyone claps

…

The immortals eagerly urge:

“Bring it here to sell at the Heavenly market!”

⟹ Thus, Tản Đà wishes to affirm the value of his literary work. He desires his poetry to be loved, recognized, and respected by many.

Question 3:

Tản Đà reflects authentically and movingly on his own life and the lives of contemporary literary artists:

“Heaven, I am truly poor

On Earth, I have no land to stand on

....

Can I achieve and dare to follow?”

- Tản Đà did not only dream of escaping life through fantasies of ascending to the moon or to the immortals. He painted a realistic picture of his own life and that of many other writers. They lived and wrote until death amidst a harsh and impoverished existence. Despite his talent and profound sense of responsibility, the colonial feudal society deprived him of everything: no land, despised status, and relentless oppression... Through this, the poet condemns the unjust society that forces them into the most tragic situations.

- Although Tản Đà does not explicitly state his views on literature and the literary profession, his words indirectly convey a different perspective on this unique spiritual activity.

+ It seems Tản Đà recognizes the necessity of devoting oneself to the literary craft, building a solid foundation to pursue it in the long term.

+ In Tản Đà’s eyes, literature has become a new livelihood, with people selling and buying, and a complex market that is not easily pleased.

+ He also begins to realize: diversity in genres is essential in creative work, and the criteria for evaluating new creations must differ from the past.

Question 4:

The new and remarkable artistic features of the poem are:

- The seven-character lines are free and flexible.

- The language is carefully chosen, refined, evocative, and very close to real life, without being artificial or overly stylized.

- The storytelling is humorous, charming, and captivating for readers.

- Simple, everyday language, as if taken from ordinary life.

- The author presents himself in the poem both as the storyteller and the main character. His emotions are free-spirited, unrestrained, and natural.

- The poet creates a truly delightful, whimsical, yet seemingly real scene of serving Heaven.

PRACTICE:

QUESTION 1:

The way the author introduces himself:

- The author clearly presents his full name and origin to Heaven:

“Yes, I respectfully inform Heaven

My name is Khắc Hiếu, surname Nguyễn

I am from Asia, from Earth

Along the Đà River, from the Tản Mountain in Nam Việt.”

The author reveals his name and origin in a very modern and public way, even stating his nationality, continent, and planet...

- There is a humorous smile behind his honest and sincere tone before the Almighty, but more importantly, it expresses the poet’s personal awareness and national pride.

- The author takes pride in being a true child of the Đà River and Tản Mountain in Nam Việt. Through this, he subtly explains the origin of his pen name, Tản Đà, which he has referenced in many other poems.

- The poet’s way of speaking is not only personal but also contains a sense of national pride and love for his homeland.

- Similar instances of self-introduction in classical literature: Mời trầu - Hồ Xuân Hương, Đọc Tiểu Thanh kí - Nguyễn Du, Bài ca ngất ngưởng - Nguyễn Công Trứ

QUESTION 2:

- “Ngông” refers to eccentricity. In literature, it denotes a social and artistic behavior that deviates from the norm, seen in authors and poets with high individualistic awareness.

- In the poem Hầu Trời, Tản Đà’s eccentricity is highlighted in several ways:

+ Considering himself a poet of great worth.

+ Viewing Heaven and the immortals as his true audience, with no one else as a fitting companion.

+ Imagining himself as an immortal, banished to Earth for his eccentricity.

+ Claiming to be a servant of Heaven with a noble mission.

+ The creation of the story of serving Heaven.

- Tản Đà is not the only eccentric figure in Vietnamese literature. Prior to him, writers like Nguyễn Công Trứ and Cao Bá Quát also displayed eccentricity.

I - ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE TO MASTER

1. Tản Đà (1889 - 1939), born Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu, was from the village of Khê Thượng, Bất Bạt District, Sơn Tây Province (now Ba Vì District, Hanoi). His homeland, located by the Đà River near Tản Viên Mountain, gave rise to his pen name, Tản Đà, which combines these two places.

Tản Đà fully embodies the essence of "the person of two centuries" (Hoài Thanh), both in his education, lifestyle, and literary career. Born into a Confucian family, he later lived in the manner of a petty bourgeoisie, "selling literature and writing for money"; although he learned classical Chinese from an early age, he later turned to writing in vernacular Vietnamese and constantly sought knowledge to stay relevant with the times. A Confucian by background, he was far from adhering strictly to Confucian conventions. His literary works, primarily based on traditional forms, had a fresh emotional quality... This distinctive creativity marked the poet's personality. In the 1920s, Tản Đà's name rose like a brilliant star in the literary scene.

His novel soul, the romantic "I", lofty and free-spirited, yet tender and empathetic, won the hearts of a new generation of readers in the early 20th century. While Confucian poetry was fading, Tản Đà carved out a unique path, reconnecting with the roots of folk and national poetry while showcasing his own unique creative flair. His works can be seen as a bridge between the two literary periods of the nation: the medieval and modern eras.

2. Tản Đà's poetry often evokes heavenly imagery. This became a recurring artistic motif in his work. He considered himself a "heavenly immortal", exiled to the mortal world for his rebelliousness. At times, in his disillusionment, he longed to become Cuội, sitting with the moon goddess Hằng to "gaze down at the world and laugh". Other times, he dreamed of following the footsteps of Lưu Thần, Nguyễn Triệu into the Celestial Paradise. More boldly, he envisioned himself ascending to Heaven, meeting historical and legendary beauties like Tây Thi, Chiêu Quân, Dương Quý Phi, and discussing literature and world affairs with great predecessors such as Nguyễn Trãi, Hàn Thuyên, Đoàn Thị Điểm, Hồ Xuân Hương... even Confucius himself. He also wrote letters to Heaven, only to be scolded. The poem "Hầu Trời" captures one moment of this romantic inspiration.

This poem was written in the early 1920s. By this time, romanticism had become the dominant mood of the era. The colonial feudal society was repressive, filled with injustices and suffering. Intellectuals with conscience could not ignore it, but not everyone had the courage to resist. Frustrated but powerless, people could only hope for escape, writing poetry to ease their sorrow. Tản Đà’s poetry from this period "expresses the pervasive melancholy in the country, hidden deep within the hearts of the people" (Xuân Diệu). But Tản Đà was unique in that, from the early 1920s, he boldly expressed his own "I", with "melancholy dreams" and "floating emotions" (Xuân Diệu), and a deep desire to find a true companion to assert his talent and worth, since he could not expect anything from this "dirty world". His rebellious spirit is evident here.

3. Through the story in "Hầu Trời", Tản Đà boldly expressed his personal "I"—a rebellious, free-spirited self, fully aware of his talent and value, and yearning to affirm it in life.

II - GUIDE TO READING AND UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT

Question 1. The poem begins with lines that demonstrate Tản Đà’s unique and charming literary imagination:

Last night, I don’t know if it happened or not,

Not terrified, not dreaming at all.

Truly soul! Truly spirit! Truly body!

Truly ascended to immortality—what an indescribable joy.

This story recounts a dream, and even the poet, upon waking, is unsure whether it was real: "I don’t know if it happened or not". This is an unusual way of starting, a form of artistic "fiction". It serves as the perfect pretext for the lyrical subject to naturally express his feelings in his "dream world".

This introduction creates a sense of doubt, piquing the reader’s curiosity. The approach is not only unique but also charming.

Question 2. The central story in Tản Đà's "dream" is about the poet reading his poetry to Heaven and the immortals. The poet shows great excitement and some pride ("In the midst of triumph, I enjoy reading..." - "The verses are so long, just right for the clouds!" - "Heaven listens, and Heaven approves..." - "I don’t know how many copies it should be printed" - "The poetry is rich, with so many styles...").

The immortals listen to the poetry, deeply moved, praising and admiring Tản Đà’s talent ("The heart blooms, the tongue flicks" - Hằng Nga, Chức Nữ smile with admiration - Song Thành, Tiểu Ngọc listens attentively - Each poem, after hearing, claps hands in applause).

The Heavenly Emperor also praises with great enthusiasm:

Heaven further commends: "The poetry is truly excellent!

The verses that speak the truth are rare!

These words shine like shooting stars!

The spirit of the verses is powerful like the shifting clouds!

Soft as the breeze, pure as the mist!

Heavy as the pouring rain, cold as the snow!

And then the poet is invited to reveal his name and fame.

This passage clearly expresses the poet’s personality and sincere desire to assert himself. Tản Đà was well aware of his talent and was bold enough to openly express his "I". He sought to affirm his worth before the Jade Emperor and the immortals. This represents his deep longing in a world where literary work is devalued and the poet is often scorned, unable to find a kindred spirit. Tản Đà’s desire was so strong that he felt the need to ascend to Heaven to fulfill it. In the early 1920s, when Confucian poetry was fading and new poetry had yet to emerge, Tản Đà was the first poet in Vietnamese literature to boldly express his own "I".

Tản Đà’s narrative voice is rich, humorous, and somewhat self-satisfied.

Question 3. The dominant inspiration in this poem is romanticism, but there is a very realistic section in the poem:

"Heaven, I am truly poor"

"I have not a single plot of land"

[...]

"My strength within is weak, and my external circumstances are harsh"

"One tree shelters me from the harsh winds".

Tản Đà is a poet full of romantic inspiration. Yet in this section, he speaks of the "heavenly mission" given to him by Heaven as a responsibility, almost as a divine duty. This shows that, while romantic, Tản Đà was not entirely detached from life. He was aware of his responsibility to society and the desire to shoulder the burdens of life. This is also a way for him to affirm himself.

The most touching part of this section is when the poet paints a realistic picture of his own life and the lives of many other writers of his time. It depicts a life of extreme hardship and humiliation (without a single piece of land, a life of contempt, underpaid work, being oppressed from all sides...). These lines are not exaggerated but reflect the poet’s painful reality. Despite being a talented and famous poet, Tản Đà lived in poverty for most of his life, often in financial straits:

Yesterday, I had no money

All night, I couldn’t come up with a single line of poetry

I went out, then back in

Wasting money on tobacco instead of poetry

At the end of his life, Tản Đà had to open a fortune-telling shop to make a living, but there were no customers. He tried teaching Chinese and Vietnamese literature, but no students came. In the end, he died in poverty, his home and belongings seized by creditors, leaving only a broken bed, a three-legged chair, a pile of torn books, and a jug of wine.

The realistic depiction in the poem helps us understand why Tản Đà felt so disillusioned with life ("The world today, I am already tired of it"), why he sought to escape to the heavens ("Looking up to the heavens, seeking a kindred spirit"), and why he sought out Hằng Nga, the Jade Emperor, and the immortals to fulfill his yearning. The two sources of romantic and realistic inspiration are tightly woven together in his poetry.

Question 4. The poem features many creative elements in its artistic form, with signs of innovation in the modern direction.

- The seven-character long form is quite free, unbound by any structural pattern, with emotions flowing freely, naturally, and boldly.

- The poetic language is carefully selected, delicate, evocative, and close to life, not overly stylized or conventional.

- The storytelling is witty, charming, and captivating to the reader.

- The author presents himself in the poem as both the narrator and the main character. The emotions expressed are free and unrestrained.

These artistic explorations demonstrate Tản Đà’s correct path in asserting himself at a time when Confucian poetry was nearing its end.

III - PRACTICE GUIDE

Rebellion in literature is the response of talented artists with strong personalities who refuse to confine themselves within narrow boundaries, or the response of intellectuals with integrity who reject a society they cannot accept or wish to join.

Structure: consists of 3 parts

Part 1 (first stanza): introduces the story of going to heaven

Part 2 (next... Heaven's Market) where the poet recites his poem for the gods and heavenly beings in the celestial palace

Part 3 (remaining part) The conversation between the poet and heaven

Question 1 (page 17, Vietnamese Literature 11, Vol. 2):

The first stanza opens with the poet’s dream, the opening line seems to raise a question that is rather objective: the story I am about to tell “I’m not sure whether it’s real or not”

The unusual way of introducing the subject is a form of “artistic imagination.”

It serves as the basis for the character to express emotions in the “dream world.”

- The way the topic is introduced is intriguing and curious, seemingly charming to the reader

Question 2 (page 17, Vietnamese Literature 11, Vol. 2):

The poet reads his poem with enthusiasm, a bit of pride:

In a self-assured moment, reading, it feels delightful

Heaven listens, and even agrees

Uncertain if it’s worth printing

- The poet’s voice is expressive, witty, joyful, and captivating

The gods’ reaction when hearing Tản Đà’s poem:

- Heaven praises enthusiastically: the writing is extraordinary, surely rare, beautiful like a shooting star...

- The heavenly beings are moved, admiring and impressed: The heart is elated, the tongue is stuck out

+ Hằng Nga, Chức Nữ frown slightly

+ Song Thành, Tiểu Ngọc listen intently

→ Tản Đà appears quite “audacious” when he goes to heaven, asserting his poetic talents.

- The poet is aware of his talent, and dares to express it.

- This reflects the reaction of a brilliant artist, with a distinctive character, unwilling to accept mediocrity or monotony, often elevating and exaggerating his individuality.

- Tản Đà’s tone expresses his sincere longing as a poet. In a world full of disdain, he finds no true companions.

- The author’s voice is varied, witty, with a hint of arrogance and self-assurance.

Unlike the literature of the classical era, which often reflects selflessness, Tản Đà’s poetry carries a sense of individuality.

Question 3 (Page 17, Vietnamese Literature 11, Vol. 2):

The romantic inspiration contains a touch of reality, exemplified in this part:

Report to heaven, my life is truly impoverished

...

Is there a way to succeed despite the challenges?

- Reporting to heaven about the hardships and struggles of writing poetry in the earthly realm

- The meaning of this stanza:

+ It paints a realistic picture of the poet’s life, also reflecting the lives of many other writers

+ The emotional tone that follows evokes sympathy, stirring readers to reflect on the struggles faced by writers in the past.

Question 4 (page 17, Vietnamese Literature 11, Vol. 2):

New and unique artistic elements in the poem:

- Poetic form: a free-flowing seven-character verse, unconstrained by any specific structure

- Language: witty, humorous, charming, and engaging

- Expression of emotions: free, bold, and unrestrained

The poet’s depiction of Heaven and the gods is devoid of any formality. On the contrary, these divine beings also express their emotions in a quirky, down-to-earth manner (sticking out their tongues, frowning, bickering...)

EXERCISES

Exercise 1 (page 17, Vietnamese Literature 11, Vol. 2):

A memorable line from the poem: “You do not need to speak, Heaven already knows/ Though Heaven sits high, it understands everything/ Just go back and work, your heart clear, don’t fear the frost and snow!”

This is also the author’s wish to be understood and empathized with. Once the heart is at peace, no external challenge can deter one.

Exercise 2 (page 17, Vietnamese Literature 11, Vol. 2):

The word “audacious” refers to an unconventional attitude, particularly in literature where it signifies an artistic and social behavior that deviates from the norm.

This stems from the author’s awareness of his individuality, talent, and character.

Authors with such audacity include Nguyễn Tuân, Nguyễn Công Trứ, Tản Đà...

Tản Đà’s audacity in this poem is demonstrated by:

+ Considering his own writing so excellent that even Heaven must praise it

+ Finding harmony and mutual understanding with Heaven and the gods

+ Viewing himself as a “fallen immortal” banished for his audacity

+ Acknowledging himself as a divine messenger sent to Earth to fulfill a noble mission

I. A Few Notes on the Author and the Work

1. The Author

- Tản Đà (1889 -1939), whose birth name was Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu, was born in the village of Khê Thượng, Bất Bạt District, Sơn Tây Province (now Ba Vì, Hanoi). He grew up during a transitional period when Chinese classical learning was declining and Western education was just beginning. As a result, his character, education, and literary career bear the marks of being a 'man of two centuries' (Hoài Thanh).

- In the 1920s, Tản Đà's name shone brightly like a star in the literary world. His major works include: Khối tình con I, II (poetry – 1916, 1918), Giấc mộng con I, II (adventure and fantasy stories – 1916, 1932), Khối tình bản chính, Khối tình bản phụ (essays – 1918), Còn chơi (poetry and prose – 1921), Thơ Tản Đà (1925), Giấc mộng lớn (autobiography – 1928),...

- His poetic style is romantic and soaring, combining freedom with boldness, tenderness with affection. His works can be seen as a bridge between two literary eras: the classical and the modern.

2. The Work:

The poem 'Hầu trời' is part of the collection Còn chơi, first published in 1921.

Structure: 4 parts

+ Part 1 (Lines 1-20): The reason and circumstances for reciting poetry to Heaven.

+ Part 2 (Lines 21-68): The account of reciting poetry to Heaven and the immortals.

+ Part 3 (Lines 68-98): The poet’s lament to Heaven about his difficult situation.

+ Part 4 (Remaining lines): The final farewell to Heaven, returning to reality.

Text Understanding

Question 1 (Page 17, Textbook, Literature 11, Volume 2):

Analyze the first stanza:

- Time: last night.

- Space: Still and quiet.

- The repetition of the word 'thật' (really).

- The exclamation: 'Thật hồn! Thật phách! Thật thân thể.'

→ The emotions of astonishment and surprise are revealed.

=> The first four lines describe a dream of ascending to the celestial realm.

The poem’s introduction creates a sense of mystery, sparking curiosity in the reader. This unique approach makes the story that the poet is about to tell even more captivating and engaging.

Question 2 (Page 17, Textbook, Literature 11, Volume 2):

- The poet's attitude when reciting poetry to Heaven and the immortals: The poet appears to be in high spirits and somewhat self-satisfied:

Reciting both poetry and prose

From theoretical writings to playful works

- The poet describes in detail his works:

Two volumes of theoretical poetry

Two volumes of playful poetry

Celestial beings, novels of dreams

- The immortals listen to the poetry, moved and impressed by the poet's talent:

Hearts blooming with joy, mouths agape

Hằng Nga, Chức Nữ furrowing their brows

Song Thành, Tiểu Ngọc listening intently

Applauding after each recitation

- Heaven’s feedback is enthusiastic:

Heaven praises: 'The writing is truly magnificent!

Few can match such eloquence!

The words are as beautiful as shooting stars!'

- This passage highlights the poet’s distinctive personality. Tản Đà was very aware of his talent and boldly expressed his 'self' in his poetry. His 'rebellious' nature is evident in his choice to ascend to Heaven to assert his artistic prowess. This reflects the poet's deep yearning, as in the mortal world, literature was undervalued and 'cheap as straw,' leaving Tản Đà with no choice but to express his frustration and affirm his talent in the celestial realm.

- Tone: Witty, rebellious, and somewhat self-satisfied.

Question 3 (Page 17, Textbook, Literature 11, Volume 2):

The passage is very realistic in its depiction of the poet’s life:

Bẩm trời, cảnh con thực nghèo khó

Trần gian thước đất cũng không có

[...]

Sức trong non yếu ngoài che rấp

Một cây che chống bốn năm chiều.

This passage paints an authentic picture of the poet’s difficult life, full of hardship, poverty, and scarcity. It is no wonder that he sought to complain to Heaven, fulfilling his deep desire and aspirations.

As a poet rich in romantic inspiration, he could not escape reality, still yearning to assert his talent. These two emotional currents intertwine tightly and inseparably in his writing.

Question 4 (Page 17, Textbook, Literature 11, Volume 2):

Artistic Features

- Genre: Seven-character free verse.

- Carefully selected, refined language that feels very close to everyday speech.

- The storytelling style is witty and engages the reader.

- The emotions are expressed naturally, freely, and without restraint.

Exercises

Question 1 (Page 17, Textbook, Literature 11, Volume 2):

Share your thoughts on your favorite line of the poem to understand Tản Đà’s poetic style.

A striking line in the poem is: 'Con không nói Trời đã biết/ Trời dẫu ngồi cao, Trời thấu hết/ Thôi con cứ về mà làm ăn/ Lòng thông chớ ngại chi sương tuyết!'

This line expresses the poet’s wish to be understood and empathized with. When the heart is clear, nothing, not even the harshest weather, can cause fear.

Question 2 (Page 17, Textbook, Literature 11, Volume 2):

'Rebelliousness' in literature refers to unusual behavior. It is the response of artists with remarkable talent and individuality, who refuse to confine themselves within narrow boundaries, living freely and asserting their identity and strength.

The poet's 'rebelliousness' in this poem is manifested through:

- The poet’s deep awareness of his own talent: He considers his writing so extraordinary that even Heaven and the immortals must applaud it...

- Viewing himself as a celestial being cast down for his 'rebelliousness.'

- Believing he is a messenger of Heaven, sent on a higher mission...

Overview of the Author and Work

I. The Author

1. Life

- Tản Đà (1889 – 1939), born Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu, hailed from Bất Bạt, Sơn Tây (now part of Ba Vì, Hà Tây).

- Although born into a feudal family, he adopted the lifestyle of the urban bourgeoisie.

- He studied classical Chinese at an early age but later shifted to studying and writing in the national language.

- Tản Đà pursued a career in the imperial exams but was unsuccessful. He made a living through writing. His entire life seemed to be a poetic work, as his real-life persona appeared to perfectly align with his artistic self in literature.

2. Literary Career

- Tản Đà's literary works are vast and diverse, with significant achievements, especially his major works: Khối tình con I, II (1916,1918), Còn chơi (1921), Thơ Tản Đà (1925), Giấc mộng lớn (1928),...

3. Artistic Style

- Tản Đà's poetry is marked by a soaring, romantic individuality, very talented but also bold and audacious.

- His poems are deeply imbued with national poetic spirit, rich and subtle, delicate in their expression.

- Tản Đà's poetry can be considered a bridge between classical and modern poetry.

II. The Work

1. Context of Origin

- The poem "Hầu trời" was published in the collection Còn chơi in 1921.

- The poem emerged at a time when the romantic trend was firmly rooted in contemporary literature. The colonial, semi-feudal society was suffocating, melancholic, filled with oppression and suffering...

2. Main Content

- "Hầu trời" tells the story of the poet being summoned to heaven to recite poetry for the Jade Emperor and the celestial beings.

- The poem reflects the poet's defiant personality, as well as a deep sorrow for his own fate and for the situation of contemporary writers in general.

3. Structure

The poem can be divided into three parts:

- Part 1 (the first stanza): Introduces the story of the ascent to heaven.

- Part 2 (the following stanzas... the Heavenly Market): The poet recites poetry for the Jade Emperor and the celestial beings.

- Part 3 (the remainder): The conversation between the poet and the heavens.

4. Critical Opinions on Tản Đà and the Poem "Hầu trời"

- ...The master has shared with us a profound aspiration, the longing to escape the constraints, the falsehoods, and the dry rigidity of conventional forms. The two poems of the master, written over twenty years ago, already bore a unique free-spirited tone. The master played the opening notes of a modern symphony that was about to unfold."...

(Hoài Thanh, Hoài Chân - Thi nhân Việt Nam - NXB Văn học, Hà Nội, 1986)

- The poem "Hầu trời", I am most impressed by the opening lines:

Last night, I don’t know whether it was real or not

Not in a panic, not a dream!

So true! So vivid! So real!

Indeed, to ascend to heaven – a joy like never before!

The sudden beginning of the first line seems to set the issue in a detached, scientific manner, only for the following three lines to assert definitively, playfully teasing the reader"...

(Xuân Diệu - Introduction - Tuyển tập Tản Đà - NXB Văn học, Hà Nội, 1986)

Reading and Understanding the Text

Question 1 - Page 17, Textbook

How do you analyze the first stanza? What impression does the poem's opening give the reader about the story the poet is about to tell?

Answer:

The poem begins with lines that display Tản Đà's unique and witty artistic imagination:

Last night, I don’t know whether it was real or not,

Not in a panic, not a dream!

So true! So vivid! So real!

Indeed, to ascend to heaven – a joy like never before!

The story is about a dream, and even the poet, upon waking, is still unsure whether it was real or not, saying "I don’t know whether it was real or not". This is a curious way to "enter the topic", a form of "artistic imagination". It serves as the perfect excuse for the lyrical character to express their feelings naturally in their "dream realm". Such an approach creates a sense of doubt, arousing the reader's curiosity, and it is both original and witty.

Tản Đà uses declarative sentences in the last three lines of the first stanza to emphasize that ascending to heaven is real, not a mere dream. With such an opening, the poet intrigues the reader by blending the fictional with the real, the dream with the waking state. This makes the story incredibly captivating, ensuring that no one will want to miss it.

Question 2 - Page 17, Textbook

How does the poet describe the experience of reading poetry to the Jade Emperor and the celestial beings? (The poet’s attitude, the reactions of the celestial beings, and the Emperor's praise.) From this part of the poem, what do you understand about the poet's personality and his sincere yearning? How do you assess the poet's narrative voice?

Answer:

The main event in Tản Đà’s "dream" is that the poet recites poetry for the Jade Emperor and the celestial beings. The poet is very pleased with himself, even somewhat boastful ("At the peak of delight, I recite and enjoy... - The verses are magnificent, the clouds above must hear! - The Emperor listens, and he praises... - I wonder how many copies to print? - The verses are rich, full of style...").

The celestial beings are deeply moved and impressed by Tản Đà's poetry ("The heart blooms, the tongue lingers - Hằng Nga, Chức Nữ furrows their brows - Song Thành, Tiểu Ngọc listens intently – After each poem, they all applaud). The Jade Emperor enthusiastically praises:

The Emperor further states: "This literature is truly excellent!

Its quality is rare, unmatched!

Each word sparkles like a comet!

The literary power is as mighty as clouds shifting!

It flows as gently as the breeze, its spirit as delicate as dew!

It is as profound as rainfall, cold as snow!"

The poet is then invited to announce his name and title. This part of the poem clearly reflects the poet's personality and his sincere yearning. Tản Đà is acutely aware of his talent and is bold enough to assert this in a grand way, presenting himself as an exceptional figure before the Emperor and the celestial beings. The poet is confident in his worth, and this shows his longing to be recognized. In a world where literature is devalued and writers are dismissed, he seeks recognition in the heavens, where he feels his true worth can be acknowledged. This sincere yearning for recognition is a central aspect of Tản Đà’s personality. The narrative voice is lively, witty, and somewhat arrogant, reflecting the poet's characteristic confidence and humor.

Question 3 - Page 17, Textbook

The dominant inspiration in the poem is romantic, yet there is a section with a very realistic tone. Which part of the poem is it? What is the significance of this part? How do you think the two inspirations – romantic and realistic – are interwoven in Tản Đà’s work?

Answer:

The primary inspiration in the poem is romantic, but there is one segment with a distinctly realistic tone, which is:

"I tell you, the reality is that I am very poor

I don't even have a piece of land in this world

[...]

My strength is weak, my needs are urgent

A single tree shelters me through the long afternoons".

Tản Đà is a poet of rich romantic sentiments. Yet, in this section, the poet speaks of the "divine duty" entrusted to him by the Emperor, which suggests a sense of purpose and responsibility. This reveals that while Tản Đà is romantic, he is not entirely detached from life. He is still aware of his duty and his desire to contribute. The realism in this section reflects the poet's own life, a life full of hardship and frustration. These lines are a sincere portrayal of his struggle as a poet, living in poverty and scorn, despite his talents. These verses are not exaggerated but reflect the harsh reality of his existence. Tản Đà’s life was one of constant struggle against financial difficulties, and these lines capture that painful reality. Ultimately, the poem illustrates how the poet blends romantic and realistic inspirations, intertwining both themes to give a fuller picture of his world.

Question 4 - Page 17, Textbook

In terms of artistic techniques, what is new and interesting about this poem? (Consider aspects such as genre, language, emotional expression, artistic imagination, etc.)

Answer:

The poem is highly innovative in its artistic form, displaying significant modern tendencies.

- Tản Đà does not use traditional forms such as the seven-character quatrain, couplets, or lục bát, but instead employs the free-flowing seven-character verse, which is not bound by any formal structure, allowing emotions to be freely and naturally expressed.

- The language of the poem is carefully chosen, sophisticated, evocative, and very close to everyday life, avoiding the rigid, stylized language of classical poetry.

- The tone is flexible, with a narrative voice combined with a lyrical one, shifting from humor to boldness, and from bitterness to irony. The narrative style is engaging, with wit and charm that captures the reader’s attention.

- The poet presents himself as both the narrator and the main character of the poem. His emotional expression is free, unrestrained, without any artificial constraint.

These artistic explorations represent the correct path that Tản Đà took to assert himself at a time when classical poetry was in decline and modern poetry had not yet fully emerged.

Practice

Question 1 - Page 17, Textbook

Which idea or line from the poem "Hầu trời" do you find most interesting? Write a paragraph expressing your feelings.

Answer:

Students are free to select their favorite lines or ideas based on their personal emotions. Some options for reference include: "I am Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu/ Exiled to the mortal realm for my rebellious spirit". "The celestial beings eagerly ask, 'Bring it up to the Heavenly Market!'"...

Question 2* - Page 17, Textbook

What does "rebellious spirit" mean? How does this attitude typically manifest in literature? (Refer to works previously studied.) How is Tản Đà’s rebellious spirit expressed in this poem, and how can it be explained?

Answer:

- "Rebellious spirit" refers to an unconventional attitude. In literature, this term often refers to writers and poets who have a strong personal consciousness and choose to go against the norm.

- The "rebellious spirit" of figures such as Nguyễn Công Trứ, Nguyễn Tuân, and Tản Đà is often mentioned.

- Tản Đà’s rebellious spirit in this poem is demonstrated by:

+ Believing his poetry is so great that even the Jade Emperor must praise it.

+ Seeing no one worthy of being his true companion except for the Emperor and celestial beings.

+ Considering himself a "celestial being" exiled to the mortal world for his rebelliousness.

+ Seeing himself as a divine representative with a "sacred duty" to bring divine wisdom to the world.

+ Viewing the celestial beings as kindred spirits, with the common people being just as important.