Top 6 Best Essays on "The Drum of the Ancient City" by Luo Guanzhong for 10th Grade

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE AUTHOR AND THE WORK 1. The Author - La Quán Trung (1330 - 1400 ?), whose real name was La Bản, with the pen name Hải Hồ Tản Nhân, was from the Thái Nguyên region in the old Sơn Tây province. - The author specialized in collecting and compiling historical tales. His notable works include: Tuỳ Đường lưỡng triều chí chuyện, Tấn Đường Ngũ Đại sử diễn nghĩa, Bình yêu truyện, and others. - La Quán Trung was a reserved and solitary person but had great ambition. 2. The Work: Romance of the Three Kingdoms - The novel consists of 120 chapters, and was written in the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), reflecting the struggle against the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the restoration of the Han dynasty. - The content narrates the division of China into three regions, known as the “Three Kingdoms,” in a period of nearly 100 years (2nd-3rd century AD), highlighting the conflicts among three feudal factions: Wei, Shu, and Wu. - The genre is serialized historical fiction. - The excerpt from Chapter 28, ‘The Drum at the Ancient City,’ presents a misunderstanding between Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, which praises Zhang Fei’s uprightness, loyalty, and honor—qualities highly valued in the old warrior society. Summary of the excerpt: Upon hearing the news that Guan Yu and his two sisters were coming, Zhang Fei misunderstood the situation and angrily decided to confront Guan Yu. The misunderstanding deepens when they encounter Sài Dương, who is chasing Guan Yu for revenge. The two brothers, Guan and Zhang, confront each other. Zhang Fei demands that Guan Yu prove his loyalty by taking Sài Dương’s head. In the end, Guan Yu easily kills Sài Dương, and upon hearing the truth from the two sisters and a soldier, Zhang Fei tearfully bows to Guan Yu. Structure of the excerpt: It can be divided into five parts: 1. Introduction (from the beginning to the part where Zhang Fei goes to greet his sisters): Introduces characters, events, and context. 2. Conflict initiation (from ‘Zhang Fei, since…’ to ‘… must follow out to the city’): The tension between Zhang Fei and Guan Yu begins. 3. Development (from ‘Guan Yu saw Zhang Fei…’ to ‘… what is cavalry here?’): The ongoing complications. 4. Climax (from ‘Guan Yu turned around…’ to ‘… the governor comes to arrest you’): The appearance of Sài Dương. 5. Resolution (remaining part): Guan Yu beheads Sài Dương. READING AND UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT Question 1 – Page 79 Textbook Why did Zhang Fei get so angry that he nearly killed Guan Yu? Answer: Zhang Fei was known for his fiery temper (as the saying goes: “As hot-tempered as Zhang Fei”). When he heard Guan Yu’s words: “Why are you like this, my dear brother? Have you forgotten our oath in the peach garden?” it enraged him. Guan Yu wanted to remind Zhang Fei of their brotherhood in the peach garden to calm him down, but it only fueled Zhang Fei’s anger more. Zhang Fei felt that Guan Yu’s alliance with Cao Cao, in his view, was a betrayal of their brotherhood. To mention their vow of brotherhood while having abandoned it felt like an insult, something unforgivable. Zhang Fei, a fierce warrior, was always straightforward and intolerant of deceit. However, more than that, he valued brotherhood above all, and any betrayal of it felt like a betrayal of the highest order. Therefore, his actions were not just due to a simple misunderstanding or his temper, but also reflected his deep sense of loyalty and honor, which was integral to his character as a true hero. Question 2 – Page 79 Textbook Why can the excerpt be titled “The Drum at the Ancient City”? Answer: The title “The Drum at the Ancient City” in the original text of Chapter 28 reads: ‘Beheading Sài Dương, brothers reconcile The Drum at the Ancient City, I, the Lord, unite.’ The word “drum” in the title refers to the symbolic drum played by Zhang Fei. This drum not only serves as a call to action like any other battle drum, but it also symbolizes Zhang Fei’s emotions—his tension, anger, and frustration over the misunderstandings and the painful separation from his brothers. The sound of the drum is a culmination of his inner turmoil, and when it rings out, it expresses the loyalty and brotherhood that had been tested, showing his emotional outpouring. The drum is not just a signal of battle but an emotional release from a man longing for the truth and his brothers. Question 3 – Page 79 Textbook Do you agree with the view that “hot-tempered like Zhang Fei” also means eager to know the truth and determine right from wrong, not just rashness due to a fiery temperament? Why? Answer: Zhang Fei’s hot-headedness is not merely a quirk of personality; it also reflects a deeper urge to seek the truth and clarify right from wrong: - His strong will, decisiveness, and assertiveness are characteristics of a warrior. - His directness, integrity, and sincerity mark him as a true hero. - He is also full of passion and values loyalty above all. In this sense, the expression “hot-tempered like Zhang Fei” doesn’t just mean impulsive or irrational behavior, but also a determined pursuit of the truth and a straightforward approach to distinguishing good from evil. It’s not a shallow expression of rage but an embodiment of a warrior’s soul. Question 4 – Page 79 Textbook Why would the story lose its significance without the detail of Zhang Fei striking the drum? Answer: Without the detail of Zhang Fei striking the drum, the story would lose its emotional depth and dramatic significance. The reunion would seem trivial, and the heroic qualities of the characters would not be emphasized, nor would the brotherly bond be celebrated. - The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a story rich in heroic themes, grand battles, and epic struggles. - The moment when Zhang Fei strikes the drum is the turning point of the story, adding grandeur and significance to the reunion. - The drumbeat serves as a measure of Guan Yu’s skill and highlights Zhang Fei’s forthright nature, creating a heroic atmosphere in the period of the Three Kingdoms. - It enhances the dramatic mood of the narrative, reinforcing the theme of heroism and loyalty. EXERCISES Question 1 – Page 79 Textbook Summarize the story in a paragraph of about 30 lines. Answer: - A brief context before the excerpt: After the fall of Xu Province, the three sworn brothers—Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei—separated. Guan Yu, in dire circumstances, had to align himself with Cao Cao. Upon hearing that Liu Bei was with Yuan Shao, Guan Yu abandoned Cao Cao, crossed five passes, killed six of Cao’s generals, and brought his wives, Cam and Mi, to Liu Bei. Along the way, he met Zhang Fei at the Ancient City. - Summary of the excerpt: Guan Yu, after hearing about Zhang Fei’s presence at the Ancient City, was overjoyed. Zhang Fei, however, misheard news about Guan Yu’s allegiance and angrily confronted him. Despite attempts by Cam and Mi to intercede, Zhang Fei remained unconvinced. The two brothers argued, and soon Sài Dương appeared, chasing Guan Yu for revenge. Zhang Fei’s doubts were cleared after Sài Dương’s head was brought before him. Finally, Zhang Fei, moved by the truth, wept and bowed to Guan Yu, and the brothers reunited. Question 2 – Page 79 Textbook How is Zhang Fei’s character portrayed through the details in the story? Answer: - Zhang Fei’s character is shown through his fiery temper, honesty, and righteousness—traits of a warrior and a true hero. He is straightforward and values loyalty deeply, which is highlighted when he reacts impulsively to the news about Guan Yu. When Zhang Fei hears that Guan Yu is coming with his two sisters, he immediately dons his armor and prepares for a confrontation. His aggressive actions reflect his passionate and protective nature, but this intensity also stems from his sincerity and deep sense of brotherhood. This complexity in Zhang Fei’s character—fiery and compassionate—adds depth and drama to the story. - Artistic portrayal of Zhang Fei: The contrast in his character is emphasized, showing both his hot-headed nature and his profound loyalty. His impetuousness contrasts with his tenderness, making the character more dynamic and relatable. Question 3 – Page 79 Textbook How do the personalities of Zhang Fei and Guan Yu differ? Answer: - While Zhang Fei is impetuous and blunt, Guan Yu is reserved, humble, and patient. In the face of Zhang Fei’s anger, Guan Yu responds calmly, addressing him as a brother, trying to explain himself. When words fail, Guan Yu proves his loyalty through actions, beheading Sài Dương with ease. This act confirms his loyalty to Zhang Fei. - Artistic portrayal: The author uses intense situations to contrast the two characters’ personalities. While Zhang Fei is portrayed through his fiery actions and words, Guan Yu is shown through his calmness and resolute actions, further highlighting their differences. MEMORABLE LESSON The essence of the story is captured in the drumbeat. This drum not only challenges and clears misunderstandings but also symbolizes reunion, friendship, and loyalty—fundamental qualities that bind people together. The excerpt creates a world full of rich, vibrant characters, each representing values like loyalty, brotherhood, and honor. These ideals contrast sharply with the brutal and deceitful nature of the ruling class, exposing the political chaos in ancient China during the Three Kingdoms period, a time of division, strife, and unending war.

I. GUIDELINES FOR WRITING THE COMPOSITION

Question 1 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

Zhang Fei became enraged and decided to kill Guan Yu because Zhang Fei was a straightforward and hot-tempered individual. Zhang Fei believed that Guan Yu had surrendered to Cao Cao, betraying their brotherly bond and the oath they made under the peach tree to serve two lords.

Question 2 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

The title "The Old Drum of the Ancient City" carries significant meaning:

- The old drum serves as a release of the inner turmoil, emotional conflict, and tension of Zhang Fei's character.

- The old drum evokes the atmosphere of battle and symbolizes the loyalty of Guan Yu.

- The old drum praises the brotherly bond among Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei.

- The old drum challenges, clears misunderstandings, and unites the heroes.

Question 3 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

The statement that Zhang Fei's anger stemmed from his eagerness to know the truth and discern right from wrong, rather than from his impulsive and reckless nature, is accurate because:

- Zhang Fei was a hot-tempered character who lacked patience when faced with sudden and difficult situations.

- Zhang Fei often reacted instantly and could not tolerate deceit or hesitation.

Moreover, Zhang Fei's character is defined by straightforwardness, bluntness, and an often rough demeanor.

Question 4 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

If the detail of Zhang Fei forcefully urging the drum had been omitted, the passage would have been dull, losing its essence of the Three Kingdoms because:

- The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is full of grandeur, carrying the spirit of heroic history, and the drum creates an echo of battle, embodying the hero's spirit.

- The detail of Zhang Fei urging the drum serves as the climax of the story, turning the reunion and clearing of misunderstandings into a heroic saga.

- The drum serves as a gauge of Guan Yu's skill, illustrating Zhang Fei's blunt nature and enhancing the heroic atmosphere of wartime.

II. KEY KNOWLEDGE FOCUS

1. The character of Zhang Fei

Praised for his straightforwardness, which sometimes borders on impulsiveness; loyal and disdainful of betrayal, he trusts actions over words, yet is open to reflection and forgiveness.

This character trait is shown by:

+ His firm intent to kill Guan Yu (in defense of righteousness).

+ His refusal to listen to explanations from others.

+ His scolding of Guan Yu, presenting a challenge for him to prove himself.

+ His forceful beating of the drum.

The appearance of Sài Dương: a pivotal moment in the story where conflict reaches its peak and is resolved.

- The final detail in the passage: asking the soldier's name, crying, and bowing to Guan Yu: careful, wise, and sincerely acknowledging his wrongs.

2. The character of Guan Yu

- Elevated as a hero who is both intelligent and valiant, knows when to advance and retreat, humble, and gentle when faced with "just causes but difficult situations"; he uses his actions, such as decapitating generals, to clear his name and demonstrate loyalty.

- Specific manifestations of this include:

+ His shock at Zhang Fei's actions.

+ His humble defense of his honor.

+ Seeking help from his two sisters-in-law.

+ Agreeing to the conditions set for his vindication.

- The detail of decapitating Sài Dương: a heroic way of clearing his name, doing so with skill and valor.

→ The "sixth gate" of emotional trials that Guan Yu must overcome.

3. The resonance of the Old Drum of the Ancient City

- The drum dispels Zhang Fei's doubts.

- The drum clears Guan Yu's name.

→ The drum represents a trial, a reunion, and celebrates brotherly bonds.

→ The drum celebrates the unity of heroes.

=> It creates a heroic, dramatic atmosphere of war with a special, compelling significance.

III. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE

Question 1 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

Summary:

Guan Yu escorted his two sisters-in-law to Ruo Nan. Upon reaching the Ancient City, he heard that Zhang Fei was there and immediately sent Sun Can into the city to inform Zhang Fei to come meet the sisters. Zhang Fei, still furious, grabbed a halberd and marched to kill. Guan Yu tried to explain, but Zhang Fei refused to believe him. Just then, Sài Dương's troops arrived, increasing Zhang Fei's rage, and he demanded that Guan Yu prove his loyalty by killing the enemy general. Before the sound of a single drum was even finished, Sài Dương's head lay on the ground. Only then did Zhang Fei believe, and he wept, bowing to Guan Yu.

Question 2 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

Zhang Fei's character is shown in the following details:

- When he hears that Guan Yu has betrayed them, Zhang Fei becomes extremely angry.

- When Guan Yu tries to explain, Zhang Fei refuses to listen, reacting with anger and disdain.

- Zhang Fei sets a challenge for Guan Yu to prove himself by bringing back Sài Dương's head in three drumbeats.

- Even when Sài Dương is killed, Zhang Fei still doubts and asks about the soldier's name to confirm the events at Xudu.

- After realizing the truth, Zhang Fei sheds tears and bows to Guan Yu.

Question 3 (Literature Textbook Grade 10, Volume 2 – Page 79)

- Zhang Fei's character is hot-headed, straightforward, and principled but also crude and brash.

- Guan Yu's character is loyal, humble, calm, and composed.

A- CORE KNOWLEDGE

1. Author: Luo Guanzhong

Luo Guanzhong (1330 - 1400?) was a renowned literary figure, originally named Luo Ban, with the pen name Hai Hu San Ren, hailing from the Taiyuan region in the former Shanxi province.
He was a specialist in collecting and compiling historical records and made significant contributions to the historical novel genre during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China.
In addition to the famous Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he wrote many other works, including stories from the Tang and Song dynasties and the history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period...
Luo Guanzhong was known to be a reserved and solitary person, but with great ambition. It is said that towards the end of his life, he disappeared from public view, and by 1364, no one knew his whereabouts.

2. The Work:

Genre: Novel
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a monumental and highly influential novel, affecting not only China but also many other countries, including Vietnam.
Created during the early Ming and Qing periods, it comprises 120 chapters and tells the story of a country divided into three factions—the Wei, Shu, and Wu—during nearly a century of turmoil in ancient China.
Content Value: It exposes the political situation in China during a time of fragmentation and civil strife, where the common people suffered, and their desire for peace, unity, and stability was evident. The work emphasizes virtues like loyalty and bravery through the character of Liu Bei in the Shu court.
Artistic Value: The novel is known for its compelling storytelling, vivid character creation, exaggeration techniques, and symbolic imagery, which convey deep meanings...
The excerpt 'The Old Drum of the Ancient City' highlights the nobility, pure nature, and heroic traits of Zhang Fei, as well as the loyalty of Guan Yu. The passage raises the theme of “loyalty versus betrayal” by addressing Zhang Fei’s misunderstanding of Guan Yu's actions.

B. EXERCISES AND SOLUTIONS

Question 1: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 10, Volume 2

Why did Zhang Fei get so angry that he almost killed Guan Yu?

Answer:
Zhang Fei was known for his straightforward nature and intolerance of betrayal or deceit. Despite his deep respect for the solemn oath he shared with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei believed that Guan Yu had defected to Cao Cao and betrayed their brotherhood. Zhang Fei thought that by calling the 'Peach Garden Oath' into question, Guan Yu was unworthy and deserving of death. Thus, when he heard that Guan Yu was approaching, Zhang Fei mounted his horse and rushed to confront him with his spear, determined to strike him down.

Question 2: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 10, Volume 2
Why is the passage titled 'The Old Drum of the Ancient City'?
Answer:
The title 'The Old Drum of the Ancient City' is symbolic, reflecting the story’s content and Zhang Fei’s act of sounding the drum to express his heroic spirit. The drumbeat serves as a call to challenge Guan Yu to duel with Sai Yang. It is also a metaphor for resolving misunderstandings between brothers. The drum's sound carries a challenge but also echoes the anger and emotional turmoil of Zhang Fei, ultimately serving as a declaration of loyalty to his brothers.
The drumbeat signifies the clearing of doubts and validates Zhang Fei’s pure heart.

Question 3: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 9, Volume 2
There is an opinion that “Zhang Fei’s anger was driven by a desire to know the truth and distinguish right from wrong, not merely by his impulsive nature. Do you agree? Why?
Answer:
The opinion holds some merit. Zhang Fei was indeed hot-tempered, straightforward, and brash, but his anger often stemmed from a genuine need for clarity. When confronted with uncertainties, Zhang Fei would demand immediate resolution, driven by a desire for fairness and justice. Although his personality sometimes led to rash actions, he was determined to uncover the truth. Zhang Fei’s character reflects both strengths, such as honesty and determination, as well as weaknesses, including impatience and impulsivity.

Question 4: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 10, Volume 2
Why is it said that without Zhang Fei's drumbeat, the passage would lose its meaning and spirit of the Three Kingdoms?
Answer:
Without the detail of Zhang Fei’s forceful drumbeat, the passage would become dull and lose its deeper meaning, stripping away the heroic and epic atmosphere of the Three Kingdoms. The drumbeat not only measures Guan Yu’s skill but also underscores Zhang Fei’s bold and direct nature. It sets the stage for the heroic clash and intensifies the atmosphere of the war-torn Three Kingdoms period.
It infuses the passage with a sense of valor and gives it the distinct flavor of the era's epic battles and heroic deeds, enriching the 'spirit of the Three Kingdoms.'

III- PRACTICE EXERCISES
Question 1: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 10, Volume 2
Retell the story in a passage of about 30 lines.
Answer:
This excerpt from Chapter 28 describes an event when Guan Yu was taking his two sisters-in-law to Ruman. Upon reaching the Ancient City, he learned that Zhang Fei was there. Guan Yu happily sent a messenger to invite Zhang Fei to meet his sisters-in-law. However, Zhang Fei, enraged, ordered the gates of the city to be opened and, with a spear in hand, rode out to kill Guan Yu. Guan Yu, taken by surprise, narrowly escaped death. Despite the sisters-in-law’s repeated explanations, Zhang Fei was resolute in refusing to acknowledge Guan Yu’s loyalty. Just then, the enemy general, Sai Yang, arrived with Cao Cao’s forces, further fueling Zhang Fei’s anger. He demanded that Guan Yu prove his loyalty by killing Sai Yang. Guan Yu acted without hesitation, and after a single drumbeat, Sai Yang’s head rolled to the ground. Only then did Zhang Fei believe the truth. He invited the two sisters-in-law into the city and apologized to Guan Yu by bowing in respect.

Question 2: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 10, Volume 2
What aspects of Zhang Fei’s character are demonstrated in this story?
Answer:
Zhang Fei’s character is revealed through several key traits:
1. Zhang Fei is a courageous general, straightforward, and impulsive.
Upon hearing Guan Yu’s explanation, Zhang Fei was furious and disdainful (“You have betrayed the brotherhood; how can you face me now?”).
2. His directness is evident when his sisters-in-law and the messenger’s pleas only fueled his anger, believing Guan Yu had betrayed them.
3. Zhang Fei’s loyalty and impulsiveness are showcased when he beats the drum, demanding proof of Guan Yu’s loyalty.
After Guan Yu beheads Sai Yang, Zhang Fei, though still doubtful, carefully questions a captured soldier before finally accepting the truth. This shows Zhang Fei’s ability to be cautious and discerning.
4. Zhang Fei demonstrates humility and emotional growth when he apologizes and bows to Guan Yu after understanding the true situation.
Thus, Zhang Fei’s character is revealed as bold, direct, emotional, but capable of reflection and reconciliation.

Question 3: Page 79 of Literature Textbook 9, Volume 2
How do the characters of Zhang Fei and Guan Yu differ?
Answer:
Zhang Fei is impulsive and straightforward, while Guan Yu embodies loyalty and humility. Zhang Fei’s hot-headed nature contrasts with Guan Yu’s calm and thoughtful demeanor. Zhang Fei is emotional and quick to react but ultimately shows growth by admitting his mistakes when he learns the truth. On the other hand, Guan Yu remains composed, proving his loyalty through his actions and remaining steady in difficult circumstances.

Additional Reference Section
Question 1: The Value of Content and Artistry in 'The Old Drum of the Ancient City'
Answer:
1. Content Value
'The Old Drum of the Ancient City' vividly portrays Zhang Fei’s noble character and Guan Yu’s unwavering loyalty. It also honors the strength and valor of the heroes under Liu Bei’s command, emphasizing the brotherly bond among the three sworn brothers.
2. Artistic Value
The storytelling is dynamic, utilizing classical language and parallelism. The narrative is simple yet evocative, with richly drawn characters.

I. A Brief Introduction to the Author

- La Quán Trung, born in 1330, died in 1400 (?), his real name was La Bản, and his pen name was Hồ Hải Tản Nhân.
- Hometown: Thái Nguyên region, part of the old Sơn Tây province.
- Era: He grew up at the end of the Yuan dynasty and the beginning of the Ming dynasty.
- Personality: La Quán Trung was solitary and enjoyed traveling alone.
- He was known for collecting and compiling historical texts.
- Notable works: *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, *Chronicles of the Sui and Tang Dynasties*, *The History of the Jin and Tang Dynasties*, *The Legend of the Emperor's Conquered Sons*, among others.
- La Quán Trung was the first to make significant contributions to the historical novel genre during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China.

II. A Brief Introduction to the Work *The Drumbeats of Ancient City*

1. The Work *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*
a) The origin of the work *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*
- La Quán Trung based his writing on historical events and folk plays to compose *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*.
- The novel was completed at the beginning of the Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644), with 120 chapters.
b) The content
- It recounts the rise and fall of three feudal dynasties: Wei, Shu, and Wu.
- It reflects the people's yearning for peace and unity.
c) The art
- Historical and artistic value.
- Exceptional storytelling and unique depiction of battles.

2. Position of the Excerpt
This excerpt is from Chapter 28.

3. Summary
The excerpt *The Drumbeats of Ancient City* comes from Chapter 28. Quan Gong escorts his two sisters-in-law to Nữ Nam and arrives at the Ancient City where he meets Zhang Fei. Unexpectedly, Zhang Fei misunderstands Quan Gong's allegiance to Cao Cao and accuses him of treason, wanting to kill him. To dispel the suspicion, Quan Gong accepts Zhang Fei's challenge: he must bring the head of Sài Dương (a general of Cao Cao) within three drumbeats. Before the first drumbeat ends, Sài Dương's head rolls to the ground. At this moment, Zhang Fei realizes Quan Gong's loyalty and, moved by his sincerity, sheds tears and bows to him.

4. Structure (2 parts)
- Part 1 (from the beginning… bringing the army with him!): Zhang Fei misinterprets Quan Gong.
- Part 2 (remaining part): Quan Gong beheads Sài Dương, clears up misunderstandings, and the brothers are reunited.

5. The Value of Content
- *The Drumbeats of Ancient City* carries the essence of the excerpt. It represents the challenges, the clearing of misunderstandings, and the reunion.
- It praises the heroism and loyalty of Zhang Fei and Quan Gong.

6. The Artistic Value
- Lively language, using many classical styles and parallel prose.
- Simple narration.
- Well-developed characters.

III. Study Guide

Question 1 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

Why did Zhang Fei want to kill Quan Gong?

- Zhang Fei had a hot temper and a straightforward personality, unable to tolerate betrayal or deceit.

- Despite being deeply affected by the sworn brotherhood, Zhang Fei thought Quan Gong's allegiance to Cao Cao was a betrayal, and his reference to the "peach garden oath" seemed unworthy.

- Upon hearing of Quan Gong's arrival, Zhang Fei rushed with his spear to kill him.

Question 2 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

The title means:

- *The Drumbeats of Ancient City* becomes an artistic symbol:

- It praises Zhang Fei's loyalty.

- It emphasizes the brotherly bond between Liu, Quan, and Zhang.

- The drumbeats symbolize challenge, clearing of misunderstandings, and the reunion.

Question 3 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

Agree with the statement:

- Zhang Fei is impulsive and lacks calmness when faced with sudden, difficult situations.

- He often reacts quickly without careful consideration, sometimes being suspicious and unable to tolerate complexity.

→ Zhang Fei's personality is characterized by straightforwardness, but also by rashness and brutality.

Question 4 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

- *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* carries the grandiose tone of an epic, featuring grand events and extraordinary individuals.

- Zhang Fei's dramatic drumbeat summons mark the story's climax, lending the reunion and resolution a heroic epic quality.

- The drumbeats serve as a measure of Quan Gong's skill and decisiveness, highlighting Zhang Fei's straightforwardness and creating a heroic atmosphere during the Three Kingdoms period of conflict.

- The passage is infused with the intensity of battle, heroism, and the distinct "flavor" of the Three Kingdoms era.

EXERCISE

Exercise 1 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

Quan Gong escorts his two sisters-in-law to Nữ Nam. Upon reaching the Ancient City, he learns that Zhang Fei is there, and instructs Tôn Càn to enter the city and ask Zhang Fei to come out to greet the two sisters. At that moment, Zhang Fei, enraged, takes his spear and advances to kill Quan Gong. Quan Gong tries to explain, but Zhang Fei stubbornly refuses to believe him. At this point, Sài Dương, a general of Cao Cao, arrives with troops, which further infuriates Zhang Fei, leading him to demand that Quan Gong prove his loyalty by taking Sài Dương's head.

Before the first drumbeat ends, Sài Dương's head falls to the ground. Only then does Zhang Fei believe, shedding tears and bowing to Quan Gong...

Exercise 2 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

Zhang Fei is a valiant warrior with a straightforward, honest, and simple personality, but he can be impulsive and hot-headed:

+ When Quan Gong tries to explain: Zhang Fei becomes furious and dismissive.

+ Zhang Fei is a person of principles, unwavering and direct.

+ Even when his two sisters-in-law and Tôn Càn explain, Zhang Fei still accuses Quan Gong of deceiving them both.

- The tension builds: Zhang Fei strikes the drum three times, forcing Quan Gong to present Sài Dương's head to prove his loyalty.

- When Quan Gong beheads Sài Dương, Zhang Fei still has doubts, so he asks a soldier to recount the events at Hứa Đô.

+ Zhang Fei does not immediately change his attitude; he waits until he hears the full account before accepting the truth → Zhang Fei shows caution.

- Once he understands the situation, Zhang Fei bows to Quan Gong, demonstrating his ability to admit his mistake and his deep emotional connection.

→ Zhang Fei is courageous, loyal, and thoughtful despite his quick temper.

Exercise 3 (Page 79, Grade 10 Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

As mentioned earlier, Quan Gong is a person of loyalty and humility. Despite Zhang Fei's attitude, Quan Gong remains patient, addressing him as "brother" and "comrade," striving to explain himself. Quan Gong accepts the challenge and proves his loyalty with his wisdom and bravery. The beheading of Sài Dương, before the first drumbeat ends, showcases the talent of the famous general of Shu, known as one of the "Five Tiger Generals," while clearing up Zhang Fei's doubts and affirming his loyalty.

Question 1 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

- In his fury, Zhang Fei demands to kill Guan Yu, accusing him of betrayal by joining Cao Cao, despite their sworn brotherhood, claiming that a man who serves two lords is unfaithful.

Question 2 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

* The excerpt is titled "The Echo of the Ancient City Gate" because it symbolizes:

- Zhang Fei's unwavering loyalty.

- The deep bond of brotherhood between Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei.

- The drumbeat that challenges, clears accusations, and reunites the brothers.

Question 3 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

Agreeing with the view, because:

- Zhang Fei is impulsive and lacks composure: upon hearing of Guan Yu's alliance with Cao Cao, Zhang Fei immediately believes the rumors without verifying, despite explanations from Guan Yu or the two wives and Tôn Càn. Zhang Fei only believes what he sees directly (clearly, Guan Yu is in Cao Cao's camp).

- Zhang Fei is eager to know the truth and seeks to establish right and wrong: he imposes harsh conditions on Guan Yu, demanding immediate proof. His action of beating the drum is firm and urgent, symbolizing the decisive nature of Zhang Fei's character.

Question 4 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

- "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is rich in heroic grandeur, with echoes of epic poetry, conveying the sounds of battles and grand deeds.

- The moment when Zhang Fei strikes the drum is the climax of the story, turning the reunion and clearing of misunderstandings into the theme of an epic battle.

- The drumbeat measures Guan Yu's skill, highlights Zhang Fei's forthright nature, and creates the heroic atmosphere of the Three Kingdoms period.

- It intensifies the sense of battle and the heroic spirit of the time, enriching the "Three Kingdoms" atmosphere in the narrative.

Exercise

Question 1 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

Summary of "The Echo of the Ancient City Gate"

The excerpt comes from Chapter 28. Guan Yu escorts his two sisters to Ruo Nan. When they arrive at the Ancient City Gate, they hear that Zhang Fei is there. Guan Yu is overjoyed and sends Tôn Càn to the city to inform Zhang Fei to greet his sisters.

At that time, Zhang Fei, angry, orders the gates to be opened and rushes out on his horse, holding his halberd and demanding to kill Guan Yu. Guan Yu is caught off guard but manages to escape unharmed. Despite the protestations of Guan Yu and the two wives, Zhang Fei refuses to believe Guan Yu's loyalty.

In the midst of this, news arrives that Sài Dương, leading Cao Cao’s troops, is approaching. Zhang Fei’s anger intensifies, and he demands that Guan Yu prove his loyalty by killing Sài Dương. Without speaking, Guan Yu draws his long saber and rushes forward. Before the drumbeat sounds again, Sài Dương’s head falls. Zhang Fei then accepts that Guan Yu is indeed loyal. He invites the two wives into the city and apologizes by bowing deeply to Guan Yu.

Question 2 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

- Zhang Fei is a brave general, known for his straightforwardness, integrity, simplicity, and fiery temper.

+ Upon hearing Guan Yu’s explanation, Zhang Fei is furious and disdainful.

- Zhang Fei is a man of strong principles, clear-cut in his beliefs.

+ The explanations from the two wives and Tôn Càn only add fuel to the fire, leading Zhang Fei to believe that Guan Yu is a traitor who deceived them all.

- The dramatic tension builds as Zhang Fei beats the drum three times, demanding that Guan Yu prove his loyalty by taking Sài Dương’s head.

- Realizing the truth, Zhang Fei humbly bows and apologizes to Guan Yu, showing deep emotion.

=> The image of Zhang Fei emerges as noble, courageous, principled, impulsive, hasty yet thoughtful, and deeply sincere in his repentance—a "tiger general" of the Shu Kingdom.

Question 3 (page 79, Textbook of Literature, Grade 10, Volume 2)

- The contrast in character between Zhang Fei and Guan Yu:

+ Zhang Fei: impetuous, straightforward, simple, and honest.

+ Guan Yu: calm, loyal, intelligent, and humble.

Structure

The structure: 2 parts

- Part 1: "From the beginning…must follow the officer": Guan Yu meets Zhang Fei and doubts his brother's loyalty.

- Part 2: The rest: Guan Yu kills Sài Dương, clearing the misunderstandings between the brothers and reuniting them.

Core Idea

The excerpt from "The Echo of the Ancient City Gate" narrates the reunion of the brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Luo Guanzhong skillfully portrays Zhang Fei’s forthright and honest character while celebrating the noble bond of brotherhood between Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei.

I. Author and Work

1. Author: La Quán Trung (for more details about the author, refer to the introduction in the Vietnamese Literature textbook, Grade 10, Volume 2).

2. The Work

* Origin: The text "The Drumbeat of the Ancient Citadel" is an excerpt from Chapter 28 of La Quán Trung's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

* Genre: "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a novel written in a chapter-based structure.

* Summary:

This excerpt from "The Drumbeat of the Ancient Citadel" recounts the story of Guan Yu escorting his two sisters-in-law to Ruo Nan and meeting Zhang Fei in the Ancient Citadel. Unexpectedly, Guan Yu's allegiance to Cao Cao is misunderstood by Zhang Fei as betrayal, and he threatens to kill Guan Yu. To clear up the misunderstanding, Guan Yu accepts Zhang Fei's challenge: he must present the head of Sai Yang (a general under Cao Cao) within three drumbeats. Before the first beat ends, Sai Yang's head rolls to the ground. Only then does Zhang Fei understand Guan Yu's loyalty and sincerity, tearfully crying and bowing to him.

* Structure:

The text can be divided into two parts:

Part 1: From the beginning to “Bring the horses with you!” – Zhang Fei misunderstands Guan Yu.

Part 2: The rest – Guan Yu kills Sai Yang, clearing the misunderstanding, and the brothers are reunited.

II. Lesson Preparation

Question 1:

Zhang Fei's anger and intention to kill Guan Yu stems from:

Zhang Fei is an upright man with a hot temper. He believes that traitors and enemies should be dealt with through force. He thinks that Guan Yu's allegiance to Cao Cao is an act of betrayal, and he accuses him of being disloyal to his brothers.

Question 2:

The title "The Drumbeat of the Ancient Citadel" is a symbolic choice because it represents:

Significance:

It symbolizes Zhang Fei's loyalty and spirit of brotherhood.

It honors the bond between Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei.

This drumbeat is a challenge, a means to prove innocence, and a symbol of brotherly reunion.

Question 3:

Some suggest that the phrase “as hot-headed as Zhang Fei” also refers to his eagerness to know the truth, to establish right from wrong, not just a rash temper. I agree with this view. Zhang Fei's hot-headedness reflects his inability to stay calm when hearing the news, almost attacking Guan Yu with his spear. However, once the uncertainty remains, Zhang Fei demands that Guan Yu clear his name through action to prove his innocence. His anger is about seeking the truth and understanding what is right and wrong.

Question 4:

It is said that without Zhang Fei's forceful command to beat the drum, the passage would lose its essence and connection to the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" because:

"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a work full of heroic and epic themes, echoing the grandeur and legendary deeds of its warriors. The moment Zhang Fei forcefully strikes the drum becomes the climax of the story, transforming the reunion and clearing of doubts into an epic scene. This drumbeat serves as both a measure of Guan Yu's prowess and a reflection of Zhang Fei's direct personality. It enhances the overall atmosphere of battle and heroism, deepening the thematic elements of the Three Kingdoms era.

Practice Exercise
Question 1: Summarize "The Drumbeat of the Ancient Citadel"
The excerpt from "The Drumbeat of the Ancient Citadel" is part of Chapter 28. Guan Yu escorts his two sisters-in-law to Ruo Nan and meets Zhang Fei at the Ancient Citadel. Unexpectedly, Zhang Fei mistakes Guan Yu's allegiance to Cao Cao as betrayal and threatens to kill him. To clear the misunderstanding, Guan Yu accepts Zhang Fei's challenge: to bring the head of Sai Yang (a general under Cao Cao) within three drumbeats. Before the first beat ends, Sai Yang's head rolls to the ground. Only then does Zhang Fei understand Guan Yu's sincerity, crying and bowing to him.

Question 2: How are the personality traits of Zhang Fei shown in the story?

Zhang Fei's character traits are revealed through the following details:

- Upright and hot-tempered: When he was denied grain, he drove out the county magistrate, seized seals, and took over the city. Upon hearing Guan Yu's arrival, he rushed out intending to kill him. The explanations of Sun Quan and the two sisters only fueled his anger.

- Strong sense of justice: He adheres to the principle that a loyal subject would rather die than suffer humiliation and uses this to dismiss the sisters' clarifications.

- Cautious: When Sai Yang dies, Zhang Fei still asks carefully about the captured soldier.

- Repentant and emotional: After realizing his mistake, he cries and bows to Guan Yu.

Question 3:
What are the differences between Zhang Fei's and Guan Yu's personalities?

- Guan Yu is loyal and humble, always seeking to explain his actions while showing brotherly respect.

- Zhang Fei is quick-tempered but thoughtful, contrasting with his more impulsive daily thinking.