Top 6 Best Lesson Plans on 'The One Who Restores the Authority' by Victor Hugo for Grade 11

A. KEY KNOWLEDGE

1. Author

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) was a genius who flourished from the early 19th century until today. His childhood was filled with struggles due to the conflict between his parents, and he was forced to move with his father from place to place, which became unforgettable experiences for him.
His career: Hugo described his poetry as "A reverberating echo of the era," which can be applied to all of his works. He was a social and political figure whose actions greatly influenced the progressive figures and movements of his time.
His contributions: Hugo worked in various fields, with notable works such as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), Les Misérables (1862), and Ninety-Three (1874). In 1985, the world commemorated Hugo on the 100th anniversary of his death, celebrating him as a world cultural icon.

2. The Work

“The Restored Authority” is the last part of the first section of Hugo's famous novel Les Misérables. In this part, Fantine, the mayor of Montreuil-sur-mer (Jean Valjean), is captured by Javert. Fantine dies after learning the truth about the mayor and her daughter.
Summary of the excerpt: Fantine is imprisoned by Javert, but thanks to Valjean’s help, she is sent to a hospital. While Valjean is caring for Fantine, he decides to confess to save an innocent man wrongly accused by Javert. He visits Fantine to say his goodbyes. Javert follows him to the hospital to keep watch. When Javert arrives, Fantine believes that he is there to arrest her and reacts in terror. Valjean begs Javert for three days to find Fantine’s daughter, but Javert refuses, insulting both Valjean and Fantine. He grabs Valjean by the collar and says, “There is no mayor here, just a thief, a convict...” Hearing this, Fantine is terrified and dies. Valjean struggles to free himself from Javert’s grip, then walks slowly to Fantine’s bed. Javert hesitates, worried that Valjean might escape, but remains silent. Valjean bends over Fantine, speaks his final words to her, and says, "Now, I belong to you."

B. EXERCISES AND SOLUTIONS

Question 1: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2

Analyze the artistic contrast between Jean Valjean and Javert through their dialogue and actions. What is the significance of this technique?

Answer:
In the dialogue and actions of Jean Valjean and Javert, we see a stark contrast, highlighting the conflict between good and evil, between a noble man and a villain.
Jean Valjean’s character:
When Fantine is alive: His gestures toward her are gentle and calm, as he tries to gently pry Javert's hand off her. When he is caught, he begs Javert for time to find her daughter. He shows himself as a composed, kind man in adversity.
After Fantine dies: He suddenly breaks the old iron bed, holding a bedpost with determination, staring menacingly at Javert. However, he is gentle with Fantine, expressing deep sorrow and compassion. He gazes at her in silence, kneels, and places a kiss on her cold hand.
Javert’s character:
When Fantine is alive: He is cruel, wild, and speaks in animal-like growls. He is a savage, shouting angrily and grabbing Valjean by the collar, behaving like a beast.
After Fantine dies: Javert is still afraid of Valjean’s actions but remains aggressive, showing no regard for Fantine’s death. He is a man devoid of humanity.

Question 2: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2
Analyze the metaphors and comparisons in the text:
- In the case of Javert, Hugo uses several details that reference a metaphor. What is the metaphor Hugo invokes through Javert’s image?
- For Valjean, there are no direct metaphors like Javert, but in the context leading to the final moments, which figure might his actions metaphorically represent? (Refer to the part of the text mentioning Sister Simplice and Fantine’s face.)
Answer:
The metaphors and comparisons regarding Javert:
His repulsive face,
His eyes gleaming with malice, piercing through the innocent as if they were hooks dragging the poor souls in,
His speech: “You, me, the whore, the monkeys…”
His actions: "He screams," "grabs the mayor by the collar," "stamps his feet," "holds onto Valjean’s necktie…"
All these details make Javert a metaphor for a ruthless, vicious animal, devoid of humanity.
For Valjean, although there are no overt metaphors like those for Javert, through the events leading to the conclusion, one could interpret Valjean as embodying the ideal of love, sacrifice, and righteousness, willing to give up his life for justice and mercy.

Question 3: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2
Who makes the statement from “What did he say to her?” to “These may be the highest truths”? What literary term describes this kind of language? How does this affect the story?
Answer:
The passage from "What did he say to her?" to "these may be the highest truths" is a statement made by the author.
The literary term for this type of language is "extradiegetic lyricism"—a form of the author’s commentary, stepping outside the narrative to reflect on or evaluate the story’s events.
This serves to immerse the reader in the author’s personal world of ideas and values, making them feel as though they are conversing with the author directly.

Question 4: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2
Identify signs of Romanticism in this excerpt.

Answer:
Signs of Romanticism in the excerpt:
When Valjean whispers to Fantine, Sister Simplice witnesses a smile, indescribable, appearing on Fantine’s pale lips as she enters the realm of death.
Valjean gently lifts Fantine’s head, adjusts her clothing, and caresses her hair, like a mother caring for her child. He ties her dress and smooths her hair into the cap.
Valjean tenderly places a kiss on Fantine’s hand.
All these details complete the picture of Valjean as the embodiment of love and nobility.

Practice
Exercise 1: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2
Analyze the artistic portrayal of Fantine: In her moment of despair, her language and actions.
Answer:
The artistic portrayal of Fantine:
Her actions:
She covers her face and screams in terror upon seeing Javert;
She reacts in shock when Javert grabs Valjean’s collar;
She shakes violently when she learns Valjean hasn’t found her daughter Cosette;
She struggles to rise, her arms stiff as though reaching for help, her mouth agape with silent groans.
Her speech: She repeatedly pleads with Valjean to find her daughter Cosette.
Fantine is depicted as a desperate, miserable woman, living in fear that Javert’s presence might imprison her before she finds her only daughter. Her greatest wish is for Cosette to be safe and happy. Perhaps, after her death, Valjean’s whispered promise brings her peace, and she smiles, content at last.

Exercise 2: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2
What role does Fantine play in the development of the plot?
Answer:
Although Fantine is not a major presence in this excerpt, her role is pivotal in driving the plot forward:
She creates the tension between Valjean and Javert, enabling the development of their contrasting personalities.
She highlights Valjean’s love and compassion, as well as the author’s empathy for people like Fantine.

Exercise 3: Page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2
How does the character division in this story resemble folk literature character systems?
Answer:
The division of characters in this excerpt closely mirrors folk literature, especially in fairy tales, where characters are divided into two distinct categories: good and evil; virtuous and corrupt. This creates a sharp contrast between these opposing forces. Examples include figures like Thach Sanh and Ly Thong, Tam and Cam, and the brothers from the "Tale of the Tree of Heaven".
In Les Misérables, we also see this division: one side represents evil, embodied by the brutal, merciless Javert, while the other side represents love and sacrifice, embodied by Jean Valjean.

Supplementary Materials
Question 1: The Content and Artistic Value of "The Restored Authority"
Answer:
1. Content Value
The excerpt from "The Restored Authority" vividly portrays the intense conflict between good and evil, sending a powerful message: Compassion and love for humanity can help us overcome all obstacles and bring hope to the future. The work highlights the noble, humane values of the author.
2. Artistic Value
The use of contrasting imagery, dramatic plot development, and Romanticist techniques.

I. Brief Introduction to the Author V. Hugo
- Victor Hugo (1802-1885) was a renowned poet, novelist, and playwright of 19th-century France.
- He is regarded as a symbol of freedom and humanity.
- In his childhood, he experienced emotional turmoil due to conflicts between his parents. He inherited a vast collection of books and was educated by his wise mother. He also had to endure the hardships of traveling with his father as they moved from place to place due to his father's military duties. These harsh experiences, however, became fascinating life lessons that left an indelible mark on his creative genius.
- His life motto was: Love is an act. Throughout his life, Hugo was involved in social and political activities that profoundly influenced progressive figures and movements of his time.
- Major works:
+ Novels: Les Misérables, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, Ninety-Three, ...
+ Poetry: Autumn Leaves, The Light and the Shadow, Punishments,...
+ Plays: Hernani
- Artistic traits: His works express a longing for freedom, equality, fraternity, and particularly his immense compassion for the downtrodden.

II. Brief Introduction to the Work The Ruler Who Restores Authority (V. Hugo)
1. Origin
- Les Misérables is one of Hugo's most famous works in his monumental literary career.
- The work consists of five parts:
+ Part One: Fantine
+ Part Two: Cosette
+ Part Three: Marius
+ Part Four: The Song of the Street of Pary-Mer and the Heroic Song of Green-Den
+ Part Five: Jean Valjean
- This excerpt is taken from the end of Part One (Jean Valjean, in an attempt to save an innocent victim wrongly arrested by Javert, was forced to reveal his identity. This is when he bids farewell to Fantine, unaware of the cruel truth).

2. Summary
The woman Fantine is arrested by Javert, but she is rescued and brought to the hospital by Madeline (Jean Valjean) for medical treatment. While helping Fantine, Jean Valjean contemplates deeply and decides to confess in court to save an innocent victim wrongfully imprisoned by Javert. Because of this, Jean Valjean visits the hospital to bid farewell to Fantine one last time. Unfortunately, Javert follows and arrives at the hospital, keeping a close watch on Jean Valjean. When Fantine sees Javert, she believes he has come to arrest her and is filled with fear. Jean Valjean pleads with Javert for time to find Fantine’s child, but Javert not only refuses but also insults him cruelly. These harsh words cause Fantine, who was already critically ill, to die right there in her bed. Jean Valjean is stunned by her sudden death, and he grabs Javert by the collar and walks toward the iron bed, holding an old bedpost in his hand. Javert, terrified, steps back and, although he wants to call for soldiers to help, fears Jean Valjean will escape and doesn’t know what to do. Jean Valjean slowly approaches Javert and says: “Now I belong to you.”

3. Structure
- Part One (from the beginning to Fantine’s death): Jean Valjean loses all authority before the police inspector Javert.
- Part Two (remaining): Jean Valjean regains his authority.

4. Thematic Value
- Through this work, the author conveys the message that, in the face of injustice and despair, a true person can still overcome the darkness of tyranny with the light of love, and ignite hope for the future.

5. Artistic Value
- The work builds contrasting imagery and a highly dramatic storyline.

SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDYING THE LESSON

Question 1

In Les Misérables, V. Hugo places two characters, Jean Valjean and Javert, in direct opposition, one searching for the other, a criminal and a police inspector.

In this excerpt, the contrast between these two characters is also evident, but this time it is a contrast between the figure of a beast and that of a savior, a Messiah, expressed through dialogue and actions.

Jean Valjean is also depicted as a romantic hero in opposition to tyranny, and he is the central character through whom Hugo has poured all his passion and literary energy, expressing his own compassion and message through him. Thus, the artistic techniques, including contrast, used here serve to highlight and celebrate an extraordinary man, a heart filled with love, as previously mentioned.

Question 2

To portray the character of Javert, V. Hugo employs the technique of exaggerated comparison, using various details that allude to a metaphor of a monstrous beast. Hugo's description of Javert is striking: a high forehead, deep hawk-like eyes, a jutting chin, and a nose raised in defiance, with two tufts of hair growing upward to his ears.

In this excerpt, the character’s appearance, language, and actions all emphasize this metaphor. First, he commands: “Hurry up!” with the narrator's commentary likening it to the growl of a beast. He growls while seemingly hypnotizing his prey, saying, “Stay right there,” and “pounces on the prey,” with “eyes like iron hooks.” He then advances, “enters the room,” and grabs his victim by the collar. He smiles with pride, revealing all his teeth in a “ghastly grin.”

Indeed, the author intentionally builds Javert as a monstrous beast.

As for Jean Valjean, we do not see such a system of metaphoric comparisons like we do with Javert.

Originally a poor man sentenced to hard labor for stealing a loaf of bread for his starving nieces and nephews, Jean Valjean was transformed by the compassion of the bishop upon his release, and from then on, he adopted love as his guiding principle.

In this excerpt, Hugo subtly highlights Jean Valjean through his language and actions. His speech is gentle and calm: whispering and lowering his voice to Fantine and even to Javert; all his actions aim to reassure Fantine in her critical condition. When he sees Javert, he remains composed, finding a way to assure Fantine without alarming her. How different would it be if Jean Valjean had simply said: “I know you’ve come to arrest me,” instead of saying: “I know what you want.” The character of Jean Valjean here stands in complete contrast to that of Javert, as previously analyzed.

This is how Jean Valjean is portrayed through direct descriptions in the text. Additionally, his character is also depicted indirectly through Fantine’s last plea and through Sister Saint-Philomène’s observation. Fantine’s final prayer toward Jean Valjean and the scene where Jean Valjean whispers in her ear, with a smile impossible to describe on her pale lips and in her astonished, distant eyes as she slips into death, makes Jean Valjean appear as a savior, a Messiah.

The author not only portrays Jean Valjean directly and indirectly but also uses an off-topic commentary style. The narration asks a series of probing questions: “What did he say to her? What could this forsaken man possibly say to a dead woman? What were those words? Could anyone on this earth hear them? Can the dead hear them?”

The subsequent commentary reads:

“To die is to enter into the great light.”

All these elements contribute to making the image of Jean Valjean even more extraordinary and romantic!

Question 3. The passage from “What did he say to her?” to “could be the greatest truths” is the author's own commentary. This literary technique is called off-topic commentary or lyrical aside. Here, in this narrative, the off-topic commentary serves to enhance the extraordinary and romantic qualities of the character, adding a lyrical and emotional layer to the reading experience.

Question 4. Through this excerpt from The Ruler Who Restores Authority, a representative piece of Hugo's romantic style, the reader can perceive the signs of Romanticism. It is the ideal world of the writer, embodied in the character of Jean Valjean, the romantic hero, who resolves social injustices through dramatic situations, using artistic techniques of exaggeration, comparison, metaphor, and contrast, all staples of Romantic writers. Most importantly, all these techniques are governed by the core principle of Romanticism—asserting ideals in contrast to reality.

I. KEY CONCEPTS

1. Content Value:

The excerpt from 'The Miserables' titled 'The Man Who Restores Authority' praises the life value of love, emphasizing that 'on earth, there is only one thing, and that is love for each other.' It also critiques the bourgeois class for trampling on innocent people for their own benefit.

2. Artistic Value:

The art of the excerpt is full of dramatic tension: it is built on contrasts and opposites, with techniques of suspense and surprise.

Furthermore, it contains a strong romantic element: the use of contrast, exaggeration, comparison, metaphor, and off-topic commentary; and it carries a highly humanitarian ideal: the power of love can transform people and society.

II. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERING QUESTIONS

Question 1: Textbook – Page 80

Jean Valjean:

- Faced with evil, Jean Valjean, with the hope of having more time to bring Cosette back to Fantine, is willing to accept everything.

- Jean Valjean shows humility, even submitting to Javert in order to fulfill his wish. His situation is very difficult (earlier, to reassure Fantine, he had lied, telling her he had already returned Cosette). He must plead with the corrupted inspector while being careful not to shock Fantine with the sudden truth, which allows the author to fully demonstrate the character's admirable qualities.

* Javert:

- In contrast to Jean Valjean is the character of Javert, a cruel figure.

- In the excerpt, Javert's cruelty is first shown through his smug expression and his rude, curt words. But as the story's tension rises, he becomes willing to destroy everything in his path. Even when Fantine dies, Javert remains unmoved. For him, the most important thing is to not lose the opportunity to destroy Jean Valjean.

* Significance:

The artistic use of contrast highlights the sharp opposition between the two characters: Javert is like a bloodthirsty beast hunting prey, while Jean Valjean is a man of strength, filled with love; emphasizing the contrast between good and evil, love and brutality.

Question 2: Textbook – Page 80

For each of the main characters in the excerpt (Jean Valjean and Javert), Hugo succeeds in portraying them through different artistic techniques.

- When depicting Javert's character, Hugo uses numerous comparisons and metaphors. These comparisons are often exaggerated and serve to point to deeper meanings. The first impression readers have of Javert in this excerpt might be his words – short and vulgar. 'In the way he says the two words (Hurry up!), there is something barbaric and insane.' Then, 'he glares at Jean Valjean with eyes like iron hooks, which have dragged many miserable souls before.' Additionally, his laugh becomes even more terrifying: 'Javert burst into laughter, a disgusting laugh that showed all of his teeth.'

All these exaggerated comparisons help readers vividly imagine Javert as the embodiment of a cruel beast. These details also form a symbolic reference to the character.

- In contrast, Jean Valjean is not depicted through a system of metaphorical comparisons. However, through the development of events towards the conclusion, Jean Valjean’s character can evoke many symbolic meanings.

Jean Valjean is first introduced through direct description: 'He spoke to Fantine in a voice that was calm and composed,' sometimes whispering softly... All of Jean Valjean’s actions are serene and composed, entirely in contrast to Javert's behavior as discussed above.

Jean Valjean is also portrayed indirectly through Fantine’s desperate pleas (which show her image of him as a hero, a savior). He is beautifully represented through the scene witnessed by Sister Simplice: 'When Jean Valjean whispered in Fantine's ear, she saw a smile beyond description on his pale lips, and in her wide-eyed, astonished gaze, as she moved toward death.'

Jean Valjean’s words, actions, and thoughts at the end evoke extraordinary, romantic beauty. This image stands out in the face of evil and tyranny, symbolizing the triumph of love and compassion.

Question 3: Textbook – Page 80

The passage from 'What did he say to her?' to 'These could be noble truths' is a statement by the author. The literary term used for this type of language is: Extrapolated Commentary (or 'External Passion').

Extrapolated commentary is a narrative device outside the main plot in a story, where the author or narrator directly expresses personal emotions, thoughts, and views on characters and life.

Such commentary helps reveal the theme and philosophy of the work, clarifying the character’s imagery. If these ideas come from progressive thoughts and profound life experiences, these passages have a strong educational value for readers.

In the excerpt, this technique reflects the author’s idea of rising above reality to reach the sacred beauty. This is also the deeply humane, saintly spirit of Jean Valjean.

Question 4: Textbook – Page 80

This passage displays many artistic features of Romanticism:

- Familiar artistic techniques: exaggeration, comparison, and contrast.

- However, more importantly, all these techniques are shaped by the essence of Romanticism – which contrasts reality with idealism, focusing on affirming an ideal world.

- Hugo’s ideal world (represented by the image of the romantic hero addressing social injustices through love) may be tinged with illusion, but it still nurtures beautiful emotions and ideals that are indispensable for humanity.

III. PRACTICE EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Textbook – Page 80

In this excerpt, Fantine is not a main character. However, her portrayal contributes to the distinctive artistic features of Hugo's writing. In her character, we can once again see the artistic contrast that is a key feature of Hugo’s symbolic world. This is:

a. The Art of Character Description. The author employs a contrasting artistic technique:

+ The contrast between: Fantine >< Javert

Victim >< Executioner

+ The contrast between: Fantine >< Jean Valjean

Victim >< Savior

b. The Art of Depicting Emotions: In this passage, Fantine shifts from absolute trust in Jean Valjean to fear and anxiety (as Javert overwhelms Jean Valjean), and when Javert declares, 'I told you there is no Monsieur Madeleine... That’s all!' she cannot endure it. She panics and dies. The psychological progression of the character shows us a deeply tragic, pitiable woman, whose faith in a savior is shattered by evil. However, Fantine’s language and actions also show an extraordinary strength. This strength is her belief in human love, in the idea that evil cannot last forever; that the future belongs to love and justice. Nonetheless, the contrast between Fantine and Jean Valjean doesn’t negate the truth that both are victims, and they are part of the same moral spectrum in terms of Good and Evil.

Exercise 3: Textbook – Page 80

In this passage, as well as throughout the entire novel, the character delineation is quite clear, and it follows a pattern similar to folk literature. This is the division between Good and Evil. The characters Jean Valjean and Fantine stand in opposition to Javert. The arrangement of these characters, along with the ensuing fierce conflict, helps highlight their qualities, as well as the thematic ideas and messages of the work.

Structure

Part 1 (from the beginning... Fantine's death): Javert, knowing that Mayor Madeleine is the prisoner Jean Valjean, attempts to arrest him and causes Fantine's death.

+ Part 2 (remaining) Jean Valjean restores authority.

Question 1 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

Javert and Jean Valjean are depicted in opposition through their contrasting personalities. The author employs numerous similes and metaphors.

* Character of Javert

- Speaks in abrupt, vulgar words.

- His speech is brutal and savage, like the "growl of a beast".

- His eyes resemble iron hooks.

- His grin is grotesque, exposing his teeth.

→ The exaggeration helps reveal the essence of this villainous character.

* Character of Jean Valjean: noble, idealistic.

- Calm, composed, occasionally soft-spoken.

- Like a hero, a savior in Fantine's eyes.

→ The character is romanticized, transcendent, embodying love and compassion.

Question 2 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

Javert is portrayed through a series of details that refer to the metaphor of a beast.

- His appearance, language, and actions resemble a wild animal stalking its prey.

+ The "growl of a beast".

+ His eyes, like iron hooks, pierce Jean Valjean.

+ Grabbing his collar.

+ Laughing grotesquely, exposing his teeth.

- He exhibits the ferocity of a wild animal (shouting, threatening, saying things that provoke Fantine's fatal collapse).

- In Jean Valjean, we don't find the same metaphorical imagery like Javert's.

+ Jean Valjean is depicted as a symbol of a true, compassionate man.

- To save an innocent victim falsely accused by Javert, Jean Valjean must confess.

Question 3 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

The passage from “What did you say to her?” to “may be the most profound truths” is a statement by the author.

The literary term used to describe this kind of language: Extra-narrative commentary (or “extra-narrative lyricism”).

+ Extra-narrative lyricism is an element outside the plot of the narrative, where the author or narrator expresses their emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on the characters and life presented in the work...

+ This extra-narrative lyricism serves to reveal the theme and ideology of the work, providing clarity to the characters. When it reflects progressive ideas or deep life experiences, these passages have significant educational value for readers...

- Note: excessive use of extra-narrative lyricism can lead to a fragmented work, misaligned ideologies, lack of life experience, and diminished quality of the work.

Question 4 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

Signs of Romanticism:

- Fantine, upon hearing Jean Valjean's whispers on her pale lips, displays a "smile that cannot be described".

- When Jean Valjean arranges Fantine's body like a mother preparing her child, Fantine's face "radiates with an unusual brightness".

- This is merely an illusion created by others who are overwhelmed by Jean Valjean's actions.

→ The romantic style highlights the beauty of Jean Valjean's compassionate soul.

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

In this excerpt, Fantine is the central character. The author uses the technique of contrast to portray this character.

Contrast: Fantine (victim) < > Javert (executioner).

Fantine (recipient of kindness) < > Jean Valjean (the hero).

The art of depicting Fantine's emotions, her complete trust in Jean Valjean, yet also her anxiety and fear.

+ Fantine collapses when her trust in a potential protector against evil is shattered.

+ Yet, Fantine’s language and actions reveal an extraordinary strength: her belief in love and justice.

+ In terms of character lines, Fantine and Jean Valjean share a similar role, as both are victims of Javert.

Question 2 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

The role of Fantine in the development of the plot.

- Fantine is the central figure in the battle between Good and Evil.

+ The story of her fate highlights the contrast between the characters Jean Valjean and Javert.

Question 3 (Page 80, Literature 11, Vol. 2):

In this passage, the clear separation of characters parallels elements of folklore:

+ The Good-Evil dichotomy (Fantine, Jean Valjean < > Javert).

+ The stark character conflict emphasizes their personalities, ideologies, and the themes of the work.

I. About the author and the work

1. The Author

Victor Hugo (1802 – 1885) was an early blooming genius who shone brightly from the early 19th century and continues to do so today.

Notable works: Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), Les Misérables (1862), Ninety-Three (1874),... His poetry spanned his lifetime: Autumn Leaves (1831), Light and Darkness (1840), Punishment and Crime (1853)...

Hugo's name has been admired worldwide, not only due to his masterpieces but also because of his continuous efforts for human progress. He was the first French writer to be buried at the Panthéon, a place previously reserved for kings and military heroes. In 1985, on the centenary of his death, the world held a commemoration for Hugo – a Cultural Icon of Humanity.

2. The Work

Les Misérables is the most widely recognized novel from Hugo’s vast body of work.

Les Misérables is divided into five parts. The first part is titled Fantine, the second part: Cosette; the third part: Marius; the fourth part: The Street of Polymieux and the Heroism of Saint-Denis; the fifth part: Jean Valjean.

3. Excerpt

The excerpt “The Government Officer Restores Authority” appears at the end of the first part. To save an innocent person wrongly accused by Javert, Jean Valjean is forced to confess his true identity, revealing that Madeleine is just an alias. As a result, he must bid farewell to Fantine without her knowing the harsh truth...

Structure: 3 parts

- Part 1 (Introduction - the shiver): Jean Valjean has not yet lost all the authority of a mayor.

- Part 2 (Then Fantine breathes her last): The true identity of Mayor Madeleine is revealed: Jean Valjean, a convict.

- Part 3 (The remaining portion): Jean Valjean restores his authority.

II. Study Guide

Question 1 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

The art of contrasting the characters of Jean Valjean and Javert:

* Character of Javert:

a. Physical traits, personality of Javert:

- A hideous face

- A voice like a wild animal.

- A smile: repulsive, showing all his teeth.

=> The portrait of a ruthless beast.

b. Javert's language and actions when meeting Jean Valjean and Fantine:

- When meeting Jean Valjean:

+ Language: growls like a beast, using informal pronouns: you – I.

→ Arrogant.

+ Actions: yelling, standing still, grabbing the collar.

- When meeting Fantine:

+ Language: yelling, using vulgar pronouns.

+ Actions: revealing all the details about Fantine’s daughter.

→ His actions resemble a predator stalking prey, showing a man devoid of humanity, indifferent to human suffering.

=> Through direct description, artful use of comparison, exaggeration, and metaphor, Hugo has created Javert as a monstrous character.

* Character of Jean Valjean:

a. The character of Jean Valjean through the excerpt:

- To save the wrongly accused person, Jean Valjean confesses.

- Willing to be arrested.

- Trying to delay time to find Cosette for Fantine.

b. Jean Valjean, the man who opposes evil:

- Voice:

+ With Javert: polite, gentle but full of authority.

+ With Fantine: courteous, calm, caring.

- Actions:

+ With Javert: understanding Javert’s intent → bows his head to plead → furious, grabs a metal rod, glaring at Javert.

+ With Fantine: caring, attentive, worried.

=> Purpose: Jean Valjean tries to keep the secret of not finding Cosette from Fantine, afraid that the news will shock her.

c. Jean Valjean through indirect description:

- Fantine's cries for help.

- The scene where Sister Xem-Plex witnesses Fantine’s death.

=> Jean Valjean possesses the strength of a savior, redeeming the wretched.

* The purpose of the technique is to highlight the contrast between good and evil, right and wrong, love and cruelty.

Question 2 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

- In portraying Javert’s character, Hugo uses numerous comparisons and metaphors. These are exaggerated comparisons intended to evoke a metaphor. This is reflected through his appearance, language, and tone: “In the way he uttered the words (Hurry up), there was something savage and mad. [...]. It was no longer a human voice but the growl of a beast”; “Javert burst into a disgusting laugh, exposing all his teeth.”

- Jean Valjean is initially portrayed through Hugo’s direct description: “He spoke to Fantine in an extremely soft and calm voice,” sometimes whispering... → Revealing Jean Valjean’s calm demeanor.

Jean Valjean is also indirectly portrayed through Fantine’s cries for help: Fantine views him as a hero, a savior. Jean Valjean is also depicted beautifully through Sister Xem-Plex’s perception: “As Jean Valjean whispered to Fantine, she clearly saw a smile that could not be described on her pale lips, and her distant eyes full of bewilderment as she entered the realm of death.”

Question 3 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

The passage from “What did he say to her?” to “It could be high ideals” is the author’s commentary. This literary term is referred to as: Extra-textual Commentary (or “Lyrical Commentary”).

Its effect in the excerpt “The Government Officer Restores Authority”:

- It expresses the author’s views: a loving heart can overcome evil and oppression.

- In unjust and hopeless situations, a righteous person can, with the light of love, dispel the darkness of tyranny and ignite hope for the future.

Question 4 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

Signs of Romanticism in the excerpt:

- Fantine’s tragic death is heart-wrenching yet does not evoke pity.

- The radiant face and smile of Fantine upon her death is a testament to the power of human love that can banish oppression and rekindle hope for the future.

- Hugo’s romantic world is represented through the image of the romantic hero (Jean Valjean) who addresses societal injustices through love.

Exercise

Question 1 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

The art of depicting the character of Fantine:

- The art of contrast:

+ Fantine (the victim) > < Javert (the oppressor).

+ Fantine (the victim) > < Jean Valjean (the savior).

- The art of depicting emotions: Fantine goes from having complete trust in Jean Valjean to becoming anxious and fearful. When hearing Javert’s disgusting, arrogant words “I’ve told you there’s no Monsieur Madeleine...” she can no longer bear it, and she panics before passing away.

→ The image of a pitiful woman whose faith in a protector against evil is shattered. However, Fantine’s language and actions reveal an extraordinary strength. This is shown through her smile at death, filling the story with a spirit of humanity. A happy ending for a wretched woman.

Question 2 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

Fantine plays an important role in the storyline. She is the center of the struggle between good and evil. Through her, the contrasting personalities of Javert and Jean Valjean come into sharp focus.

Question 3 (page 80, 11th-grade Literature Textbook, Volume 2):

In this excerpt, as in the entire novel, the character division is quite reminiscent of folk literature.

It reflects the division of characters into good and evil, with Jean Valjean and Fantine opposing Javert. The arrangement of characters in this way highlights the traits of each character and the overall theme of the work.

Question 1 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) The artistic contrast between the two characters Jean Valjean and Javert through their dialogues and actions: - Before Fantine's death: * Jean Valjean + Calm, humble attitude, composed actions * Javert + Toward Jean Valjean: rude, arrogant, domineering + Toward Fantine: cruel, heartless, devoid of humanity - After Fantine's death * Jean Valjean + Towards Javert: strong and determined attitude. + Towards Fantine: Jean Valjean becomes like a savior, a redeemer. * Javert + A haughty, vicious, brutal, inhumane individual with a cowardly, weak nature who only relies on the law to assert his power. => Artistic meaning: Through the contrast between these two characters, the author idealizes the figure of Jean Valjean as an embodiment of absolute goodness, self-sacrifice, and compassion—a savior who offers hope and protection to the downtrodden. Question 2 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) * The author uses a series of details to metaphorically depict Javert as a monstrous figure: - "A hideous face" - The voice (the shout "Hurry up") "is barbaric and frantic" - The eyes: "like a steel hook, and with that gaze, he was accustomed to dragging the miserable to him." - The laugh: "ghastly, exposing all his teeth." => These vivid descriptions emphasize Javert's brutality and monstrous nature. => The author's indirect expression of disgust and hatred toward such a character. * For Jean Valjean, there is no similar metaphorical system as with Javert. However, through the unfolding of the story, Jean Valjean can be symbolized as: A righteous person—someone full of love and compassion. Question 3 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) - The passage from "What did you say to her?" to "could be those sublime truths" is the author's voice. - The literary term used to describe this type of language is: Extrinsic commentary (or "extrinsic lyrical narrative"): It is also an important tool for the author to clarify and deepen the work's themes and thoughts. - In this passage, it helps reflect the idea of transcending reality to aspire toward a divine beauty—reflecting the compassionate, saintly soul of Jean Valjean. Question 4 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) * Romanticism features in the passage: - The image "A smile that cannot be described... going into the realm of death." - The conclusion of the passage: "Death is entering the great light" clearly reflects the Romantic characteristic of transcending reality to reach beauty, purity, and sanctity. - When Jean Valjean arranges Fantine's body "like a mother tidying up her child", "Fantine's face seemed to glow with an extraordinary radiance". This praises the power of love that can overcome violence and oppression, rekindling faith in the future. Practice Question 1 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) In this passage, Fantine does not play the role of a main character. However, her portrayal still contributes to showcasing the outstanding artistic features of Hugo. In Fantine's character, we again see the art of contrast, which is a hallmark of Hugo's world of imagery. That is: a. Character depiction: The author uses the technique of contrast: + The contrast between: Fantine <> Javert Victim <> Executioner + The contrast between: Fantine <> Jean Valjean Victim <> Savior b. - The depiction of Fantine's emotions: In the passage, Fantine moves from absolute trust in Jean Valjean to anxiety and fear (when Jean Valjean is overpowered by Javert), and when Javert declares: "I told you there's no Monsieur Madeleine... that’s all!", Fantine can no longer endure it. She panics and dies. => This emotional progression reveals a tragic image of a woman who becomes a victim after losing her belief in a figure of hope capable of overcoming evil. However, Fantine's language and actions still show an extraordinary strength—her belief in human love, that evil will not prevail, and that love and justice will ultimately triumph. Nonetheless, the contrast between Fantine and Jean Valjean doesn't undermine the fact that both Jean Valjean and Fantine are victims, and both belong to the same category if assessed according to the criteria of Good and Evil. Question 2 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) The role of Fantine in the plot’s development - A catalyst for the story's progression - A character who helps test the personalities of Jean Valjean and Javert. Question 3 (page 80, Literature Textbook 11, Volume 2) The character division here is closely aligned with the character system of folk literature: - The contrast between good <> evil, right <> wrong, as seen in the characters in the story. Javert <> Jean Valjean (evil) (good) - Through the creation of these two opposing characters, the passage praises human love and the desire to escape the injustices of society. By the light of human compassion, we can push back the darkness and tyranny. Summary Fantine is imprisoned by Javert, but thanks to Jean Valjean, she is freed and sent to a hospital. While Jean Valjean is helping Fantine, he decides to confess his identity to save an innocent man unjustly imprisoned by Javert. The passage recounts the moment when Javert arrives with soldiers to arrest Jean Valjean as he visits Fantine in the hospital. When Javert arrives, Fantine fears he has come to take her away, and in her terror, she dies. To prevent Fantine’s hope from being extinguished, Jean Valjean humbly begs Javert to allow him three days to find Fantine's daughter. Despite his pleas, Javert cruelly insists that Jean Valjean is a fugitive and will be arrested. Upon hearing these words, Fantine dies in despair. Filled with rage at Javert's cruelty, Jean Valjean regains his authority, causing Javert to tremble in fear. Jean Valjean speaks his final words to Fantine and then turns to Javert, declaring: "Now, I belong to you." Structure Structure: 3 parts - Part 1 (Beginning - she shudders): Jean Valjean still holds some of the authority of a mayor. - Part 2 (Until Fantine dies): The true identity of Mayor Madeleine is revealed: Jean Valjean, the convict. - Part 3 (The remainder): Jean Valjean reclaims his authority. Main content Through the contrast between these two characters, the author conveys a message: In an unjust and hopeless world, a righteous person can use the light of love to overcome the darkness of tyranny and ignite hope for the future.