Top 8 Analytical Essays on the First Section of *Bình Ngô Đại Cáo* by Nguyễn Trãi (Grade 10 Literature)

'How cruel, the bamboos of Nam Sơn cannot record all the crimes,'

'How filthy, the waters of the Eastern Sea cannot cleanse the stain.'

In 1418, Lê Lợi led a rebellion in the Lam Sơn forests of Thanh Hóa. After ten years of hard-fought battles, our forces drove out the Ming invaders, regaining independence and freedom for the country.

In early 1428, Nguyễn Trãi, writing on behalf of Lê Lợi, composed *Bình Ngô Đại Cáo*, summarizing the heroic victories of the 10-year struggle and declaring that Đại Việt had entered a new era of 'eternal and stable peace.'

The opening section of *Bình Ngô Đại Cáo* emphasizes the idea of humaneness (Nhân nghĩa), while also celebrating the long and glorious history of Đại Việt. Humaneness is the core of the people's struggle:

'The essence of humaneness lies in bringing peace to the people, The army must first eliminate evil and destroy tyranny.'

Peace, punishing the guilty, and eradicating tyranny are the pillars of humaneness, all directed toward humanity and the oppressed people. It is about caring for the people, punishing wrongdoers (punishment), eliminating corruption and cruelty (elimination of tyranny), saving the people from death and suffering, and bringing them a peaceful and happy life (peace). This is the true essence of humaneness.

The concept of humaneness that Nguyễn Trãi articulates is noble and profound: fighting to save the country and its people, for the independence of the nation, and the freedom, happiness, and peace of its people. Humaneness, thus, is a righteous and invincible force to defeat the 'frenzied Ming'.

'Use righteousness to overcome cruelty, Substitute human goodness for violent tyranny.'

Our people, rich in humaneness, applied this ideal to build and develop the long-standing and glorious civilization of Vietnam. While in *Nam quốc sơn hà*, Lí Thường Kiệt declared that the land of the South was where the 'Southern Emperor' resided, Nguyễn Trãi, standing at the peak of the Bình Ngô era, offered a new, deeper, and more comprehensive vision of the land and people of Đại Việt:

'The land of Đại Việt has, from ancient times, Always been known for its long-established civilization. Its mountains, rivers, and borders are well defined, Its customs distinct between the North and the South. From the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, and Trần dynasties, the foundation of independence was established, While the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan each had their own emperors.'

These five elements came together to form Đại Việt’s stature and power, enabling it to defeat any imperial aggression and achieve glorious victories.

'Lưu Cung's greed led to his defeat, Triệu Tiết’s ambition brought his downfall, The Hàm Tử gate captured Toa Đô, The Bạch Đằng River saw Ô Mã’s death.'

The stately and powerful tone, sharp reasoning, and the parallel structure of these couplets affirm the historical greatness of Đại Việt and its unwavering national spirit.

The introduction of *Bình Ngô Đại Cáo* serves as a masterful expression of the ideological and artistic value of the text, standing as a monumental declaration of independence and an epic testament to the nation's enduring power.

The concept of 'humaneness' has always been a positive aspect of Confucianism, representing sacrifice, love, and mutual support between people. However, Nguyễn Trãi offered a unique interpretation of 'humaneness.' For him, it meant prioritizing the welfare of the people, fighting for their happiness and freedom above all else.

'The purpose of humaneness is to ensure the peace of the people,' he stated.

In this vision, fighting for the people's well-being was paramount. For Nguyễn Trãi, 'humaneness' was not just an abstract concept but a call to action, turning it into tangible deeds—'acts of humaneness.'

With the ultimate goal of liberating the nation and rescuing the people from suffering and the threat of annihilation, Nguyễn Trãi emphasized the importance of action.

Following his proclamation, Nguyễn Trãi boldly declared the name of the country: 'As for our Đại Việt, it has been established for a long time.' He affirmed the nation's long-standing independence and its rich cultural heritage. Indeed, this was a sovereign nation with its own unique traditions, standing proudly alongside the powerful empires of China.

'From the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, Trần dynasties, our independence was secured.'

'With the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, each empire had their own rulers.'

Despite being a small nation, Đại Việt boldly declared its sovereignty, refusing to bow before anyone and proudly asserting its strength and 'humaneness.'

Nguyễn Trãi ended by recounting the glorious victories of Đại Việt's heroes over northern invaders. He mocked the arrogant forces that had once considered Việt Nam a mere province, only to face humiliating defeats in battle.

'Lưu Cung’s greed led to his downfall.'

'Triệu Tiết’s arrogance resulted in his demise.'

'The battle of Hàm Tử saw Toa Đô captured.'

'At Bạch Đằng River, Ô Mã was killed.'

These historical facts demonstrate how, thanks to its culture of humaneness, Đại Việt overcame invaders, proving the strength of its civilization. Nguyễn Trãi’s deep love and pride for his country resonate through these words, a sentiment that will endure through the ages.

Nguyễn Trãi was not only a patriotic statesman but also an unparalleled master of literature. Among his vast literary legacy, the 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' stands as an eternal monument to national pride. Despite the passage of centuries, this work remains a powerful voice in the history of Vietnam, especially with its progressive views on independence, sovereignty, and core human values. The excerpt from 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' reveals Nguyễn Trãi’s advanced outlook on these matters.

'The essence of humaneness lies in the peace of the people, and the army must first eliminate tyranny before dealing with rebels.'

Humaneness, as presented by Nguyễn Trãi, is the guiding principle of 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo.' It emphasizes love for the people and a broader compassion for humanity, as well as the celebration of righteous actions that fight for noble ideals. Nguyễn Trãi’s philosophy, strongly influenced by Buddhist teachings, reflects deep humanism and traditional Vietnamese values. For him, humaneness meant ensuring the people's well-being, peace, and prosperity. It was through eliminating tyranny that the nation could be free from war and suffering. His heartfelt dedication to the people and his patriotism moved readers, giving his philosophy timeless resonance.

Reflecting on the state of the nation, the poet uses his work to project his thoughts on national sovereignty, independence, and the freedom of the Vietnamese people:

'Our Đại Việt has long been known for its civilization and culture.'

'The mountains, rivers, and borders have been clearly defined.'

'The customs of the North and South differ.'

'From the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, and Trần dynasties, our ancestors established independence.'

'We stood shoulder to shoulder with the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan empires.'

'Though we have had moments of strength and weakness, every era has had its heroes.'

This stanza reaffirms the long-standing cultural heritage of the Vietnamese people, establishing their sovereignty through centuries of history. Nguyễn Trãi emphasizes the enduring legacy of the nation, relying on historical evidence rather than abstract or supernatural claims. His argument is both convincing and deeply meaningful, placing Vietnam alongside other great civilizations. This affirmation of sovereignty and historical pride demonstrates Nguyễn Trãi’s forward-thinking approach and deep national pride.

In further cementing the nation’s triumphs, the poet lists key victories, demonstrating the ultimate failure of foreign invaders:

'Lưu Cung failed due to his greed,'

'Triệu Tiết perished due to his ambition.'

'Hàm Tử captured Toa Đô,'

'Bạch Đằng River claimed Ô Mã.'

The enemies' failures not only reflect their reckless ambitions but also highlight the heroic spirit of the Vietnamese people. These victories stand as a firm warning to future invaders, reinforcing the idea that they will meet the same fate of defeat. The rapid enumeration of these victories creates a sense of triumph and pride, emphasizing the unstoppable strength of the nation.

The 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' is, in essence, a second declaration of independence, echoing the pride and valor of the Vietnamese people. The poem begins with a triumphant tone, celebrating the nation’s military victories and using them to powerfully condemn the barbaric invaders.

When discussing the prominent political writers of medieval Vietnamese literature, we cannot overlook Nguyễn Trãi. Not only was he a deeply emotional poet, but he was also a brilliant political writer, known for works such as 'Quân Trung Từ Mệnh Tập', various memorials written during the Lê Dynasty, and most notably, 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo'. These political writings reveal his profound love for the country and its people. The opening line of the 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' exemplifies his ideology of justice and humanity: 'Việc nhân nghĩa cốt ở yên dân, Quân điếu phạt trước lo trừ bạo.' 'Nhân nghĩa' refers to love and care for others, actions that benefit the people and society. It also signifies the respect for justice and the protection of what is right. Influenced by Confucian philosophy, Nguyễn Trãi believed that 'nhân nghĩa' was central to 'keeping the people at peace' and 'removing tyranny'. The welfare and well-being of the people were his primary concern. He believed that humans should love and support each other, fighting together to protect the country and free themselves from suffering and hardship. To achieve this, tyrannical forces and invading enemies must be removed—like the Ming dynasty that was occupying Vietnam at the time. Nguyễn Trãi’s philosophy of 'nhân nghĩa' embodied patriotism, compassion for the people, and a fierce commitment to defending the country from foreign invaders. This notion not only pertains to the relationships between individuals but also extends to the relationships between nations. To assert the sovereignty of his country, Nguyễn Trãi presented powerful and convincing arguments: 'Như nước Đại Việt ta từ trước, Vốn xưng nền văn hiến đã lâu. Núi sông bờ cõi đã chia, Phong tục Bắc Nam cũng khác. Từ Triệu, Đinh, Lí, Trần bao đời gây nền độc lập, Cùng Hán, Đường, Tống, Nguyên mỗi bên xưng đế một phương. Tuy mạnh yếu từng lúc khác nhau, Song hào kiệt đời nào cũng có.' Vietnam’s culture has existed for millennia, giving it a unique national identity. The separation of territories, rivers, and customs between the North and South, as well as the long-standing independence built by the dynasties of Triệu, Đinh, Lí, and Trần, show Vietnam’s sovereignty. Nguyễn Trãi compares Vietnamese dynasties to those of China, such as the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan, asserting that while their strength may have fluctuated, Vietnam’s dynasties were equally significant. This demonstrated his deep pride in his nation’s history. He also referenced major victories in Vietnamese history to emphasize the enemy's defeats: 'Lưu Cung tham công nên thất bại, Triệu Tiết thích lớn phải tiêu vong. Cửa Hàm Tử bắt sống Toa Đô, Sông Bạch Đằng giết tươi Ô Mã.' These famous battles and defeats of the Ming generals serve as proof of Vietnam’s military prowess. The generals' greed and arrogance led to their demise, and the Vietnamese people would forever remember these victories in their historical records. Nguyễn Trãi further exposed the atrocities committed by the invading Ming forces: 'Nhân họ Hồ chính sự phiền hà, Để trong nước lòng dân oán hận. Quân cuồng Minh thừa cơ gây họa, Bọn gian tà bán nước cầu vinh.' The Ming army exploited the Hồ dynasty's troubled governance to invade Vietnam, resulting in widespread resentment among the people. Corrupt traitors, seeking personal gain, colluded with the invaders, bringing destruction to their own country. The Ming committed horrifying atrocities: 'Nướng dân đen trên ngọn lửa hung tàn, Vùi con đỏ xuống dưới hầm tai vạ. Dối trời lừa dân đủ muôn nghìn kế, Gây binh kết oán trải hai mươi năm.' The people of Vietnam suffered terribly under the Ming invasion, with civilians being burned alive and buried in pits. The invaders used deceitful tactics, waging war and causing resentment for two decades. The invaders’ brutality extended to the environment as well: 'Người bị ép xuống biển dòng lưng mò ngọc, ngán thay cá mập, thuồng luồng. Kẻ bị đem vào núi đãi cát tìm vàng, khốn nỗi rừng sâu nước độc.' The Ming forced the Vietnamese to dive into dangerous seas or work in poisonous mountains to search for treasures, turning the country into a land of slavery. These acts were driven by the invaders’ insatiable greed, as they plundered the nation's natural resources. The suffering of the Vietnamese people was compounded by the invaders’ oppressive rule: 'Vét sản vật, bắt chim trả, chốn chốn lưới chăng, Nhiễu nhân dân, bẫy hươu đen, nơi nơi cạm đặt.' The invaders exploited the land, capturing birds, setting traps for deer, and using the people as tools for their own enrichment. The Vietnamese were reduced to slaves in their own land. The Ming’s brutality even harmed the environment: 'Nặng nề những nỗi phu phen, Tan tác cả nghề canh cửi.' The people were burdened with relentless labor, their livelihoods shattered by the foreign occupation. Nguyễn Trãi emphasized that the Ming’s crimes were so heinous that they could never be forgiven: 'Độc ác thay, trúc Nam Sơn không ghi hết tội, Dơ bẩn thay, nước Đông Hải không rửa sạch mùi.' The Ming’s cruelty was so extreme that even the tallest mountains and the deepest seas could not erase their crimes. The concluding rhetorical questions underscore the depth of their evil and the unforgivable nature of their actions. Nguyễn Trãi’s impassioned denunciation of the Ming invaders was a powerful expression of his philosophy of 'nhân nghĩa'. The first two sections of 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' stand as a fierce indictment of the Ming's atrocities. These are the most vivid examples of the oppression, plundering, and suffering endured by the Vietnamese people over the two decades of conflict.

King Lê Thánh Tông once praised: 'Ức Trai’s mind shines like Khuê Tảo.' For many years, Nguyễn Trãi has been remembered and revered as a monumental writer, poet, and statesman of 15th-century Vietnam. His works seamlessly blend ideals of justice and patriotism with sharp, persuasive arguments and a compelling style that emphasizes the importance of the people as the core of society.

One of his most prominent works, Bình Ngô Đại Cáo, was written when Lê Lợi ascended the throne as the Emperor, taking the reign name Thuận Thiên (Heavenly Harmony), and appointed Nguyễn Trãi to draft the declaration to inform the people of the triumphant victory over the Ming invaders, marking the beginning of a new peaceful era for the country.

Bình Ngô Đại Cáo is a concise political dissertation summarizing the Lam Sơn uprising, reflecting Nguyễn Trãi’s deep nationalistic feelings and his novel understanding of the people and the nation. The tone of the declaration is one of immense pride in the great victory and the bravery of the Vietnamese people, as seen in the first two verses:

At the outset, Nguyễn Trãi emphasizes that this struggle is for the benefit of the people:

It is said: The essence of righteousness lies in the peace of the people.
The army punishes the wrongdoers to eliminate tyranny.

Nguyễn Trãi writes from the depths of his heart, not merely repeating what he has heard. To him, achieving peace for the people became the highest aim of his life. In the Confucian tradition, righteousness is a moral duty, and it manifests in how one treats others. For Nguyễn Trãi, righteousness transcends this personal morality to encompass caring for the people, representing all of humanity.

The term 'yên dân' (peace for the people) reiterates the Confucian principle of 'the people as the foundation,' a universal rule for all eras—people are the core, the resource, the strength, and the vitality of a nation. Righteousness also includes 'trừ bạo' (eliminating tyranny), which refers to the Ming invaders who oppressed the people. Nguyễn Trãi believed that the 'people' are the backbone of the country, the ones who steer the boat or capsize it. This idea is simple but deeply profound.

In every resistance movement, the role of the people determines the success or failure of the campaign. If the people are strong and at peace, they will certainly overthrow the tyranny of the invaders. Nguyễn Trãi’s view of righteousness is not limited to moral values but is elevated to a societal ideal, a truth that transcends time.

Like our Đại Việt lands of old
Which have long been recognized for their civilization
The mountains and rivers have long been defined
The customs of the North and South differ
From the Triệu, Đinh, Lí, Trần dynasties that built independence
To the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan who ruled their own territories.

He does not speak of righteousness in a vague or general sense but defines its core with utmost clarity. He asserts that righteousness is closely tied to the defense of national sovereignty and the affirmation of the nation’s independence:

In asserting this truth, Nguyễn Trãi provides a comprehensive definition of the elements necessary for a nation’s independence. While 400 years earlier, in 'Nam Quốc Sơn Hà,' Lý Thường Kiệt defined national sovereignty and independence through territorial and political consciousness, Nguyễn Trãi’s Bình Ngô Đại Cáo expands upon this by adding culture, history, customs, and talent as key pillars.

To highlight the self-reliant stance of the Vietnamese nation, Nguyễn Trãi employs parallelism. Đại Việt and China have coexisted for centuries, each with its unique 'civilization' forged by its people through hardship and war. The territories, mountains, rivers, and seas are clearly demarcated. The customs and cultures of both regions, North and South, also differ.

Nguyễn Trãi stresses that both China and Đại Việt have distinct identities that cannot be confused, erased, or altered. By comparing Vietnam’s dynasties, 'Triệu, Đinh, Lí, Trần,' to the 'Han, Tang, Song, Yuan' of China, he powerfully affirms that the Vietnamese nation stands on equal footing with China. This comparison could only have been made with a deep sense of national pride, showcasing the strength of the Vietnamese spirit. Lastly, talent plays a vital role in asserting the nation’s independence.

Although the situation may fluctuate in strength, the greatness of heroes will endure in every era. This line serves as a warning to any foreign power that seeks to conquer Đại Việt. To reinforce his argument, Nguyễn Trãi uses words that emphasize the undeniable existence of Đại Việt: 'from the past,' 'for a long time,' 'already divided,' and 'also different.'

The most successful artistic device in this opening section—and throughout the entire declaration—is the use of parallelism, which Nguyễn Trãi fully exploits. By affirming his nation’s independence, he recalls past conflicts with the northern invaders that all ended in failure:

Thus: Lưu Cung's greed led to failure
Triệu Tiết's arrogance led to downfall
The gates of Hàm Tử captured Toa Đô
The Bạch Đằng River killed Ô Mã
Looking back at history
The evidence remains.

In this verse, Nguyễn Trãi highlights the heroic victories of the Vietnamese people in resisting foreign invaders, securing their national freedom. The clear and forceful presentation of these examples conveys both pride and defiance against the invaders.

Despite the imbalance of these verses, one can discern the balance Nguyễn Trãi wishes to convey, placing greater emphasis on Đại Việt’s military successes, such as those at Hàm Tử and Bạch Đằng, and his contempt for the failures of the invaders, marked by figures like Lưu Cung, Triệu Tiết, and Toa Đô.

This verse once again affirms that Đại Việt is an independent, self-sufficient nation, rich in talent and capable military leadership, rivaling any nation. The pride of the nation, embodied in its victorious history, is forever etched in its chronicles, unalterable and undeniable. Throughout Bình Ngô Đại Cáo, Nguyễn Trãi's writings show his deep care for the people. His sorrow for their suffering under the tyranny of the Ming invaders, exacerbated by the betrayal of local collaborators, is palpable. These invaders exploited political turmoil, aligning with traitors to invade Vietnam and violate its sovereignty, causing horrific atrocities: burning innocent civilians, using human remains for oil, and even cooking people alive for entertainment.

Furthermore, the invaders imposed a brutal taxation system, robbing the people of their wealth (forcing people to dive into the ocean to gather pearls or mine gold in toxic mountains). Their insatiable greed led to widespread suffering, halting production, ruining livelihoods, and leaving the people destitute and hopeless.

The Ming invaders' crimes are so heinous that not even the forests could conceal them. Their brutality was met with divine and popular condemnation. Nguyễn Trãi’s condemnation of the invaders is expressed through outrage and sorrow in his writing.

In conclusion, Bình Ngô Đại Cáo is filled with deep patriotic inspiration and unparalleled heroism. The excerpt affirms that the Vietnamese people possess a righteous spirit and a distinct national independence. It serves as a powerful reminder of our historical sovereignty and struggles, reinforcing national pride and the commitment to defend and preserve our independence.

Nguyễn Trãi was not only a brilliant politician and military strategist, but also a celebrated writer and poet of the nation. When his name is mentioned, we immediately recall his famous work, 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo.' This piece is considered an eternal and heroic declaration of independence, a powerful manifesto that firmly asserts the nation’s independence and its standing in the world. The title 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' itself invites deep reflection. 'Bình' means to bring peace, while 'Ngô' refers to the Ming invaders, and 'Đại Cáo' is a grand proclamation marking the monumental events in the nation's history. From the very title, we are struck by a sense of grandeur.

In analyzing the first section of 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo,' we can see that the core theme of humanity and justice runs throughout the poem, presented clearly, thoroughly, and profoundly. This theme is immediately evident in the opening lines.

The principle of justice is expressed in the first two lines:

“Humanity’s core lies in the peace of the people,”

“The army fights to punish and rid the land of evil.”

In the opening of this proclamation, Nguyễn Trãi firmly defines his philosophy of justice. In the context of Confucianism, justice refers to the relationship between people based on compassion and moral integrity. Justice was the driving force behind many uprisings and struggles. For Nguyễn Trãi, justice meant peace for the people, ensuring a stable and happy life for them. The well-being of the people was the ultimate goal and the essence of his beliefs, a principle he pursued throughout his life.

Justice also implies the removal of evil, the protection of the people from those who harm, exploit, or oppress them. On a larger scale, this means resisting foreign invaders. Nguyễn Trãi made it clear that the Vietnamese cause was righteous, while the invaders were unjust. He exposed the deceptive nature of the Ming invaders in their quest for conquest. In essence, his philosophy of justice is a profound love for the nation, a dedication to defending the people, and an unwavering spirit of resistance against foreign invaders, all with the goal of ending suffering and ensuring prosperity for the people.

Nguyễn Trãi’s concept of justice transcends the personal realm and extends to the relationship between nations.

The next eight lines reaffirm the nation's sovereignty and the value of freedom, invoking the glorious history of Vietnam with pride and dignity:

“The waters of Đại Việt have long been known,”

“Our culture and civilization have stood for ages.”

The poet provides compelling evidence of Vietnam's long-standing civilization and its thousand-year history, firmly establishing its place in the world. The use of the word “known” expresses the poet’s pride and affirms the nation's position.

“The mountains and rivers are divided,”

“Customs differ between the North and the South,”

“From the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, Trần dynasties, the foundation of independence was built,”

“Against the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan, each dynasty claimed sovereignty over one region.”

“Though strength varied throughout history,”

“Great heroes have always emerged.”

In addition to asserting territorial sovereignty and independence, the poet also highlights the nation's culture, history, customs, and its talented people. These are the elements that have created an independent nation. Compared to Lý Thường Kiệt’s 'Nam Quốc Sơn Hà,' Nguyễn Trãi’s 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' is a more comprehensive and thorough statement, rich in content and ideology. The poet affirms the country’s territory, stating that “the mountains and rivers are divided,” meaning that no one has the right to violate or take it. Furthermore, the distinct customs and cultures of the North and South cannot be altered or erased.

When referencing the past dynasties, Nguyễn Trãi places the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, and Trần dynasties on equal footing with the Chinese dynasties like the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan. This comparison not only lists the dynasties but also suggests a sense of rivalry, showcasing the poet’s fierce patriotism and deep national pride. Across all periods, great heroes have always emerged. This reflects his deep love for the nation and his pride in its strength. It also serves as a warning to invaders that any attempts to subjugate Đại Việt will fail. Nguyễn Trãi not only affirms the nation’s territorial integrity but also expresses an unwavering belief in the heroes and scholars of the land. This view is a progressive and revolutionary stance for the poet’s time.

“Lưu Cung failed due to his greed,”

“Triệu Tiết perished for his ambitions,”

“The gates of Hàm Tử captured Toa Đô,”

“The Bạch Đằng River claimed Ô Mã.”

“Looking back at past events,”

“The evidence still remains.”

After establishing the nation’s sovereignty and expressing national pride, the poet uses a list of historical events to emphasize the consequences of those who go against the truth. His examples are powerful. Lưu Cung, the king of the Southern Han, failed because of his greed in trying to conquer Đại Việt; Triệu Tiết, a general of the Song Dynasty, met defeat when he came to invade; Toa Đô and Ô Mã, generals of the Yuan Dynasty, both met their end in Vietnam during their invasion. “The evidence still remains” — this line serves as an undeniable warning to the invaders. The poet uses these historical examples as a clear, unassailable message: any enemy that seeks to invade Đại Việt will meet with inevitable failure. The struggle against foreign invaders is not just a military campaign but a righteous war for justice, unlike many other unjust wars. According to the laws of nature, righteousness will always triumph over evil.

With a majestic and bold tone, sharp reasoning, and symmetrical expression, Nguyễn Trãi’s writing affirms and celebrates the grandeur of Đại Việt's history.

The opening of 'Bình Ngô Đại Cáo' is a stirring and heroic prelude to the sovereignty of the nation. The powerful verses, authentic evidence, and logical arguments presented by the poet emphasize the nation’s powerful spirit, its independence, and the ideology that the people are the foundation. The poem is a second declaration of independence for the nation. Through Nguyễn Trãi’s words, we are reminded of the pride we should feel for our nation's traditions, history, and culture.

Historically, in addition to the Declaration of Independence by President Hồ Chí Minh, which proclaimed our nation's independence and territorial sovereignty, two other monumental literary works are considered as timeless declarations of independence in Vietnam's history. These are Lý Thường Kiệt's ‘Nam Quốc Sơn Hà’ and Nguyễn Trãi’s ‘Bình Ngô Đại Cáo.’ Each of these works, emerging from different eras and circumstances, reflects progressive and just ideas. While ‘Nam Quốc Sơn Hà’ affirms territorial sovereignty, Hồ Chí Minh’s declaration emphasizes human rights, and Nguyễn Trãi’s work presents a different perspective—one of caring for the people, loving them, and eliminating violence to ensure their peace and prosperity. This idea is particularly evident in the first section of Nguyễn Trãi's work.

The author sees ‘humaneness’ not only as mutual love and care among people but also as a deeper, more universal concept. Here, ‘humaneness’ refers to actions made for the good of the people, ensuring peace, safety, happiness, and prosperity. It involves prioritizing the nation and the people’s welfare, putting their needs above all else. So, how can one embody the spirit of humaneness in that period? First and foremost, it was necessary to eliminate invaders, as the author states, ‘The army goes out to punish and first eliminate the tyrants.’ Only when the borders are secure, free of invaders, can the people feel safe and focus on work, leading to national development. This embodies the highest spirit of nationalism and justice, founded on a deep love for the Vietnamese people.

Following this thought, Nguyễn Trãi reinforces the long-established cultural legacy of the Vietnamese people:

"Our Đại Việt has always been

With a long history of civilization

From the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, Trần dynasties, each contributing to our independence

Alongside the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan dynasties, each claiming empire over their lands."

Vietnam has long had its own rich culture, customs, and traditions, cultivated by the Vietnamese people for centuries, starting from the Triệu, Đinh, Lý, and Trần dynasties. Nguyễn Trãi not only proudly asserts this long-standing cultural heritage but also strongly affirms the equality and independence of the Vietnamese people, placing them on an equal footing with the great dynasties of China, such as the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan.

The courageous, unyielding spirit of the Đinh, Lý, Trần, and Lê dynasties can be compared to that of the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties. Despite Vietnam’s relatively small size, its indomitable spirit and unwavering independence remain strong. The Vietnamese nation stands proud with its own culture, history, and sovereignty, refusing to bow to foreign powers. The greatness of Đại Việt also derives from the exceptional talents of its people, skilled in both military strategy and governance, which contributed to its victories:

“Lưu Cung failed due to his ambition

Triệu Tiết, full of arrogance, met his end;

The gate of Hàm Tử captured Toa Đô

Sông Bạch Đằng saw the defeat of Ô Mã

Past events are clear, the evidence remains.”

In the face of ruthless, tyrannical invaders, the fighting spirit of Đại Việt became even more resolute, with Nguyễn Trãi recounting numerous glorious, victorious battles that filled him with pride. Those who arrogantly claimed superiority, only to be defeated—such as Triệu Tiết, Toa Đô, and Ô Mã—serve as clear evidence that no invader can prevail against the justice of the Vietnamese people. Through these lines, Nguyễn Trãi expresses his unwavering belief in the strength of the nation and the righteousness of their cause, even in the face of cruelty and inhumanity. Ultimately, justice is the shining light that guides the nation’s path.

Although short, this passage not only highlights the powerful notion of humaneness but also reaffirms national sovereignty, encapsulating the heroic victories of the Vietnamese people. The bold language, resonant poetic rhythm, and Nguyễn Trãi's deep love for his country and people come together to create a literary masterpiece, becoming a timeless declaration of independence for the nation.

Nguyễn Trãi (1380 - 1442) was a distinguished politician, military strategist, and talented individual who played a significant role in the successful campaign against the Ming invaders, bringing peace and prosperity to the nation. He was also a renowned writer and poet, producing a vast array of works in both Classical Chinese and Vernacular Vietnamese. Notable works include Đại cáo bình Ngô, Quân trung từ mệnh tập, Quốc Âm thi tập, and Ức Trai thi tập. Đại cáo bình Ngô is regarded as a timeless masterpiece, a powerful manifesto for independence and the national pride of Vietnam. The core message of the work is encapsulated in its opening sections, emphasizing the ideals of humanity and righteousness:

Righteousness lies in ensuring the people's peace.

Victory in battle requires the elimination of tyranny.

The concept of righteousness is central to Đại cáo bình Ngô, as it represents the high and noble goal of the Lam Sơn rebellion. In the opening of the manifesto, Nguyễn Trãi asserts that true righteousness is achieved by “ensuring the peace of the people” and “eliminating the tyrants.” Ensuring the peace of the people means providing them with prosperity and happiness, which in turn brings stability and national progress. This reflects the timeless principle of “the people as the foundation,” an essential rule of any nation throughout history, symbolizing the strength and vitality of a country.

Nguyễn Trãi’s insight into this fundamental issue of governance is truly remarkable. The next key point of righteousness is the call to “eliminate tyranny,” referring to the oppressive forces of the Ming army, who exploited the people and caused untold suffering. While “ensuring the peace of the people” and “eliminating tyranny” may seem like separate concepts, they are actually two complementary actions, reinforcing each other. Without peace among the people, eliminating tyranny would be nearly impossible. Both must be pursued simultaneously, in harmony with each other. The well-being of the people requires fighting against foreign invaders, particularly the cruel Ming soldiers who trampled on the lives of the Vietnamese people, inflicting countless tragedies.

Nguyễn Trãi’s vision of righteousness transcended narrow ethical boundaries and became a broader social ideal: to ensure that the people live peaceful and happy lives. More importantly, Nguyễn Trãi elevated this ideal into a truth. He did not speak of righteousness in vague or general terms, but rather made it clear in a few concise lines, emphasizing the fundamental and most valuable aspects. Righteousness, in this sense, is also inseparable from the defense of the nation’s sovereignty, asserting national independence and pride:

“Just like our Đại Việt from the past

Long renowned for its civilization

Our borders are defined

Customs between the North and South are distinct

From the dynasties of Triệu, Đinh, Lí, Trần, each built the foundation of independence

Up to the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan, each claimed emperorship in their own way.”

In asserting this truth, Nguyễn Trãi articulated one of the most comprehensive views of what makes a nation independent. Unlike the more limited view of Lý Thường Kiệt’s “Nam Quốc Sơn Hà,” which focused mainly on territory and sovereignty, Nguyễn Trãi expanded on this by adding four more elements: culture, history, customs, and human talent. This innovative approach reflects Nguyễn Trãi’s intellectual depth. In every nation, its culture, its history, its geography, and its customs are unique and irreplaceable. Here, Nguyễn Trãi emphasized that both China and Đại Việt had distinct characteristics, ones that could not be erased, changed, or ignored. Furthermore, by equating the dynasties of Triệu, Đinh, Lí, and Trần with the major Chinese dynasties of Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan, he subtly proclaimed that Đại Việt’s sovereignty and cultural heritage were just as valid as any other nation’s.

These lines also highlight the importance of human talent in asserting a nation’s independence. The line “though weak at times, we always have outstanding heroes” serves as a reminder of the crucial role that talented individuals play in ensuring a nation’s survival and success. Nguyễn Trãi’s message is clear: the Vietnamese people are no less capable than any other nation.

Through these five elements—territory, culture, history, customs, and human talent—Nguyễn Trãi thoroughly encapsulates the concept of a nation’s independence. Compared to Lý Thường Kiệt’s “Nam Quốc Sơn Hà,” which was limited in scope, Đại cáo bình Ngô is a more comprehensive and profound reflection on Vietnam’s sovereignty. The poet’s use of parallelism and comparison, positioning Đại Việt alongside China, underscores the equality of both nations in terms of borders, customs, dynasties, and human talent. This powerful assertion of Vietnamese independence and identity was made with both confidence and pride.

Throughout the poem, Nguyễn Trãi uses vivid language to emphasize the undeniable existence of Đại Việt: “from before,” “for a long time,” “already divided,” “distinct customs”—phrases that serve to strengthen the argument. The work’s most successful artistic feature is the balanced and harmonious parallelism, which enhances the poem’s persuasive power. The concluding section of the manifesto further underscores Vietnam’s independence, referencing past historical victories over foreign invaders, providing clear and irrefutable evidence of the country’s sovereignty:

Thus:

Lưu Cung, obsessed with power, met defeat

Triệu Tiết, with his arrogance, was doomed

The gates of Hàm Tử captured Toa Đô

The Bạch Đằng River defeated Ô Mã

The past is examined

Evidence is still recorded.

Nguyễn Trãi’s recounting of these heroic military victories, drawn from Vietnam’s struggle against foreign invaders, serves as a reminder of the nation’s unbreakable independence. The detailed and forceful language, coupled with his unwavering confidence, conveys a deep sense of national pride and determination. The poet highlights the defeat of foreign aggressors and makes it clear that any future attempts to dominate Vietnam would meet with failure.

In conclusion, Đại cáo bình Ngô is a work that is rich in lyrical inspiration and historical grandeur. The poem’s opening sections clearly articulate two core ideas: righteousness and national independence. This manifesto remains deeply relevant today, reinforcing the spirit of righteousness and independence that defines the Vietnamese people. Through the poem, we gain a deeper understanding of Vietnam’s territorial sovereignty, the nation’s rich history of resistance, and the enduring values of patriotism, national pride, and the determination to protect the country’s independence.