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1. Cấu trúc Although / Though (Mặc dù / Dù)
1.1. Giới thiệu lý thuyết
Cấu trúc Although: Although / Though + S1 + V1 + (O), S2 + V2 + (O).
Although có hai vị trí trong câu. Ngoài việc thường thấy ở đầu câu, although / though cũng có thể xuất hiện giữa câu để kết nối hai mệnh đề: S1 + V1 + (O) + although / though + S2 + V2 + (O).
Although và though đều dùng để chỉ sự tương phản trong câu tiếng Anh, với chức năng tương tự nhau.
Although thường được dùng trong văn viết trang trọng, có thể đứng ở đầu câu hoặc giữa câu. Trong khi đó, though thường gặp hơn trong văn nói và có thể đứng ở đầu, giữa, hoặc cuối câu.
+ Although my parents aren't rich, they still raise me well. (Bố mẹ tôi mặc dù không giàu có nhưng vẫn nuôi dạy tôi rất tốt).
+ I went to school though I was sick. (Tôi đã đi học mặc dù tôi bị ốm).
1.2. Bài tập ứng dụng
Ex 1: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng Although / Though.
1. Although I broke my leg, I went to work yesterday.
2. Although my friends and I live in the same town, we don’t meet each other often.
3. Although the restaurant was crowded, we enjoyed the food there.
4. Although she received a great salary, she decided to leave her job a month ago.
5. Although the weather was terrible, we still decided to go out.
Chi tiết đáp án:
1. Although I broke my leg, I went to work yesterday.
2. Although my friends and I live in the same town, we don’t see each other often.
3. Even though the restaurant was packed, we enjoyed the meal there.
4. She left her job a month ago despite having a good salary.
5. Even with the bad weather, we decided to go out.
Ex 2: Điền Although / Though vào các chỗ trống
1. ___ I was tired, I went to the gym.
2. She didn't put in much effort, ___ she still managed to pass the exam.
3. ___ it was raining, we went out for a walk anyway.
5. I am not fond of him, ___ he remains my friend.
Đáp án chi tiết:
1. Although
2. Even though
3. Even if
4. Nevertheless
5. Despite that
Ex 3: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi
1. Even though I had no money, I managed to purchase a new car.
2. Despite the bad weather, we went ahead with the picnic.
3. Although she is quite reserved, she excels as a public speaker.
4. Even though I disagreed with his choice, I still honored it.
5. Although he is very smart, he isn't keen on studying.
Chi tiết đáp án:
1. Even though I was broke, I still managed to get a new car.
2. Despite the poor weather, we went on the picnic as planned.
3. While she is extremely reserved, she shines as a public speaker.
4. Even though I disagreed with his choice, I still showed respect for it.
5. Despite his high intelligence, he isn't fond of studying.
2. Cấu trúc However / Nevertheless (Tuy nhiên)
2.1. Lý thuyết
Mục đích sử dụng:
+ Both However and Nevertheless are conjunctions used to connect two clauses or sentences that express contrasting or opposing ideas.
+ Chúng hỗ trợ người đọc nhận diện mối liên hệ giữa hai ý tưởng, giúp cho văn bản trở nên mạch lạc và dễ hiểu hơn.
Vị trí trong câu: However và Nevertheless có thể được đặt ở đầu, giữa, hoặc cuối câu. Tuy nhiên, khi xuất hiện ở đầu câu, However và Nevertheless cần phải được phân cách bằng dấu phẩy.
Sự khác biệt giữa However và Nevertheless:
+ However có nghĩa phổ biến hơn và được dùng nhiều hơn.
+ Nevertheless có nghĩa trang trọng hơn và nhấn mạnh hơn.
2.2. Bài tập ứng dụng
Bài tập 1: Điền từ However hoặc Nevertheless vào chỗ trống:
1. I worked hard for the exam, ___ I failed.
2. It was pouring rain, ___ we chose to take a walk.
3. He is a skilled singer, ___ he lacks stage experience.
4. Mặc dù cô ấy rất bận rộn với công việc, ___ cô ấy luôn dành thời gian cho gia đình.
5. Bộ phim vừa dài vừa nhàm chán, ___ tôi lại thích phần kết.
Giải đáp chi tiết:
1. However
2. Nevertheless
3. Nevertheless
4. However
5. Nevertheless
Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu dưới đây bằng cách sử dụng However hoặc Nevertheless mà không làm thay đổi nghĩa:
1. Dù cô ấy đã mệt mỏi, cô ấy vẫn tiếp tục làm việc.
2. Mặc dù anh ấy không có tiền, anh vẫn mua một chiếc xe mới.
3. Tôi không thích bộ phim, nhưng bạn tôi thì có.
4. Cô ấy rất thông minh, nhưng cô không thích học.
5. Chúng tôi gặp nhiều vấn đề, nhưng vẫn hoàn thành dự án đúng hạn.
Giải đáp chi tiết:
1. Despite being tired, she kept on working.
2. Even though he was broke, he managed to buy a new car.
3. While I found the movie uninteresting, my friends enjoyed it.
4. Although she is highly intelligent, she has little interest in studying.
5. Despite facing numerous challenges, we completed the project on schedule.
3. Cấu trúc Despite / In spite of ( Mặc dù )
3.1. Lý thuyết
Mục đích sử dụng: Despite và In spite of là các giới từ kết nối hai mệnh đề hoặc câu thể hiện sự nhượng bộ và tương phản. Hai giới từ này giúp người đọc nhận ra mối liên hệ giữa hai ý tưởng, làm cho văn bản trở nên mạch lạc và rõ ràng hơn.
Cấu trúc:
+ Despite / In spite of + Noun / Noun Phrase / V-ing, S + V + O.
+ S + V + ... + despite / in spite of + Noun / Noun Phrase / V-ing.
Ví dụ:
+ Despite the poor weather, we proceeded with our walk.
+ In spite of having limited funds, he managed to save for a new vehicle.
3.2. Bài tập ứng dụng
Bài tập 1: Điền Despite / In spite of vào chỗ trống:
1. ___ the rainfall, we visited the park.
2. He is exceptionally smart, ___ he has little interest in studying.
3. She managed to complete the project, ___ her hectic schedule.
4. ___ lacking any prior experience, he secured the job.
5. We enjoyed ourselves thoroughly, ___ the unfavorable weather.
Đáp án chi tiết:
1. Despite
2. Despite
3. In spite of
4. In spite of
5. In spite of
Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu sau sử dụng Despite / In spite of sao cho nghĩa không đổi:
1. Despite the difficulty of the test, I was able to pass.
2. Despite not landing the job, she stayed positive.
3. We enjoyed ourselves immensely, despite the rain.
4. Though he has great wealth, he remains unhappy.
5. Although I don't care for him, he is still my friend.
Detailed Answer:
1. I managed to pass, despite the exam's challenges.
2. Even though she didn't secure the job, she remained optimistic.
3. Despite the rainy weather, we had a great time.
4. He possesses great wealth, but he remains discontented. (This sentence doesn't require Despite or In spite of as the contrast is inherent.)
5. Even though I dislike him, he is still my friend. (This sentence doesn't need Despite or In spite of as the contrast is already present.)
4. Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed
4.1. Theory
- Adjectives ending in -ing: Describe the state or feelings of people, things, or phenomena that are currently happening.
- Adjectives ending in -ed: Describe the state or feelings of people, things, or phenomena that have been affected or influenced.
Examples:
+ boring (tedious): The book was extremely boring. / tiring (exhausting): The exercise was quite tiring.
+ bored (uninterested): I found the book quite boring. / tired (weary): I felt exhausted after the workout.
Note: Some adjectives with both -ing and -ed forms have different meanings, such as amusing / amused, confusing / confused, boring / bored, exciting / excited, interesting / interested, tiring / tired, depressing / depressed, frustrating / frustrated, embarrassing / embarrassed, shocking / shocked.
4.2. Practical Exercise
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with -ing or -ed:
1. I was really ___ by the movie. (interest)
2. The book was quite ___. (bore)
3. The lesson was extremely ___. (intersest)
4. The workout was highly ___. (tire)
5. The news was incredibly ___. (shock)
Detailed Answers:
1. captivated
2. tedious
3. engaging
4. exhausting
5. startling
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using -ing or -ed adjectives to keep the meaning unchanged.
1. The movie left me feeling thrilled.
2. I found the lesson to be quite engaging.
3. The book was so tedious that I couldn't finish it.
4. The workout was so exhausting that I couldn't continue.
5. The situation was so mortifying that I felt like fleeing.
Detailed Answers:
1. The film was thrilling.
2. I found the lesson captivating.
3. The book was so dull that I couldn't finish it.
4. The workout was so exhausting that I couldn't keep going.
5. The situation was so humiliating that I felt like escaping.
