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Khái niệm của bài viết so sánh và tương phản
Một bài luận Compare and Contrast hoàn chỉnh cần đạt được hai mục tiêu là phân tích, chỉ ra điểm giống nhau và sự khác biệt của hai (hoặc nhiều) sự vật.
Một chơi xổ số IELTS liên quan đến dạng bài Compare and Contrast:
In the past, people stored knowledge in books. Nowadays people store knowledge on the internet. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
In some countries, students pay their college or university fees, while in some others, the government pays for them. Do you think the advantages that the government pays the money outweigh the disadvantages?
In many countries today, if people want to find a job, they have to move away from their friends and their families. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
Phân tích đề bài của dạng Bài viết So sánh và Tương phản
In the past, people stored knowledge in books. Nowadays people store knowledge on the internet. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? |
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(Ngày trước, con người lưu giữ kiến thức trong sách vở. Ngày nay tri thức được bảo toàn trên Internet. Liệu mặt lợi có lớn hơn mặt hại không?)
Trong trường hợp này khi viết sẽ có hai đối tượng là ‘Lưu trữ tri thức qua sách giấy’ và ‘Lưu trữ tri thức qua mạng Internet’. Tương ứng sẽ có hai vấn đề cần được nhắc đến là:
Những lợi ích của việc lưu trữ tri thức qua sách giấy/mạng Internet.
Những bất cập của việc lưu trữ tri thức qua sách giấy/mạng Internet.
Cần thảo luận cả hai vấn đề trên bằng cách đưa ra hệ thống lập luận cùng ví dụ chứng minh, và ở cuối bài cần có kết luận sau khi so sánh.
Cấu trúc câu sử dụng trong bài So sánh và Tương phản
Biểu hiện sự tương đồng
both … and …
The content of both the printed version and digital version are the exact same.
neither … nor …
Neither the printed version nor the digital version of books are completely free so if you find a free PDF version online it is probably pirated.
just like (+ noun)
The event was just like a carnival, with thousands of people coming to watch.
similar to (+ noun)
Similar to printed books, ebooks can be pirated and used for free.
the same as
Content-wise printed books are the same as eBooks.
to be alike
Printed books and ebooks are nothing alike.
The essay managed to captivate adults and kids alike.
Similarly/Likewise
The manager of that branch was very aggressive. Likewise the employees.
also
Aside from cancer, heart and lung disease are also influenced by smoking
compared (to/with)
Her works have even been compared to Dickens’s.
Diễn đạt sự khác biệt
In contrast
In contrast to last year's profits, the company is not doing very well this year.
In comparison
An eBook is cheaper in comparison to the printed one
By comparison
By comparison with printed books, ebooks’s layout is a lot more flexible
On the other hand
Searching for information can take awhile using printed books, ebooks, on the other hand, make this process a lot quicker.
while/whereas
While printed books are a chore to carry around, ebooks however, can be easily stored in a compact device.
differ from
The girls differ from the boys in that they spend more time with friends on social networking websites.
different (from)
High school will be different from junior high.
Unlike
Unlike printed books, eBooks can be contained in large numbers in a single device.
Cấu trúc bài Viết So sánh và Tương phản
Introduction (Mở bài)
Body (Hai đoạn thân bài)
Conclusion (Kết bài)
Qua đó có thể tạo ra 2 dạng cấu trúc cụ thể của bài Compare and Contrast Essay trong hình dưới đây:
Phía bên trái là dạng cấu trúc khối (block structure), đối với cấu trúc này tất cả lập luận về từng đối tượng cần so sánh được đặt vào một đoạn riêng, tương tự với cách trình bày của dạng bài Nguyên nhân - Ảnh hưởng (cause and effect) và Thực trạng - Giải pháp (problem and solution).
Phía bên phải là dạng cấu trúc tuần tự (point-by-point structure). Với dạng này, mỗi đoạn thân bài so sánh sự giống/khác nhau của cả 2 đối tượng ở một khía cạnh khác. Trong IELTS Writing task 2 các thí sinh thường sử dụng cấu trúc khối.
Ví dụ với đề bài sau:
In the past, people stored knowledge in books. Nowadays people store knowledge on the internet. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? |
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Ứng dụng cấu trúc khối ta có dàn ý sau:
Đối tượng 1 - Storing knowledge on the Internet (lưu trữ thông tin trên mạng):
Allow access from electronic devices ➱ save people the effort of carrying books around
Searching information is extremely easy compared to manual searching through paper books
Quality of information not guaranteed (fake news, unhealthy blogs, inaccurate information …)
Đối tượng 2 - Storing knowledge in books (lưu trữ thông tin bằng sách):
Easier on the eyes, doesn’t cause screen fatigue (compared to eBooks)
Less likely to get distracted ➱ absorb information more effectively
More costly, uses more resources/effort to distribute knowledge (printing, binding, distribution)
Một điều cần nhớ khi so sánh/tương phản
Printed books have static layouts that once printed do not change, while ebooks have lower cost.
(Sách giấy có bố cục cố định, khi đã in ra thì không thay đổi; trong khi sách điện tử có giá rẻ hơn.)
Tuy câu này có sử dụng từ nối tương phản ‘while’, nhưng tiêu chuẩn đánh giá hai đối tượng không giống nhau. Đối với ‘printed books’ tiêu chuẩn là bố cục (static layout) còn với ‘ebooks’ lại là giá cả (lower cost). Sau khi sửa lỗi này, ý nghĩa của câu văn sẽ trở nên rõ ràng hơn:
Printed books have static layouts that once printed do not change, while ebooks have dynamic layouts. Moreover, ebooks have lower cost in comparison with the printed ones.
(Sách giấy có bố cục cố định, khi đã in ra thì không thay đổi; trong khi sách điện tử có bố cục điều chỉnh được. Thêm vào đó, nó có giá rẻ hơn so với sách giấy.)
Một bài mẫu Viết So sánh và Tương phản hoàn chỉnh
Đề bài:
In the past, people stored knowledge in books. Nowadays people store knowledge on the internet. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? |
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Bài mẫu tham khảo:
In the past, various knowledge was stored in books, preserved over time. Recent times prove that the Internet has gradually substituted books for this purpose. Although storing information online has some drawbacks, I believe the upside of this trend outweighs the downside.
The Internet is advantageous as a major medium of knowledge from various perspectives. First and foremost, the existence of ebooks terminated people’s need to carry heaps of printed books around while also allowing easy access anytime, anywhere from their compact devices. Secondly, searching for information has never been easier with the enormous amount of knowledge available online. The search engine technology also allowed people to quickly find the information they needed with a few clicks of hand, a drastic improvement in comparison with the tedious activity of searching through paper books contents. The most obvious example of such a search engine would be Google. Wikipedia, on the other hand, is an example of an open-source encyclopedia that provides the expertise of all fields. The quality of information on websites, however, is still an unsolved problem as the number of viruses and fake news keeps on increasing.
In comparison, using printed books also has its own merits. Firstly, they’re easier on the eyes whereas electronic books can cause screen fatigue as our eyes are strained for a long period of time. Moreover, It is scientifically proven that people are less likely to get distracted while reading paper books, and thus absorb more information. Plus, with a print book, it’s easier to go back and confirm details you may be unsure of without losing your place and having to scroll back on your device. Many readers will also miss the feel of books that they can hold and touch and leaf through whenever they please.
All in all, the internet outweighs books as a means of knowledge storage. Even then, we should not ignore the benefits brought by paper books and continue to distribute knowledge by both means.
Áp dụng
China _____________ Singapore in the form of written Chinese, as it uses simplified rather than traditional Chinese.
a) differs from b) different from c) whereas
The UK has important trade relations with the USA. _____________, trade is an important part of the relationship between China and the USA.
a) The same as b) Just like c) Likewise
France and the UK _____________ in their reliance on nuclear energy as a clean energy source.
a) also b) both c) are alike
Nuclear energy accounts for almost 40% of the energy produced in France. _____________, it is only around 20% of the energy produced in the UK.
a) In contrast b) While c) On the other hand
Gợi ý trả lời:
a
c
c
a
Dựa vào đề sau áp dụng lý thuyết đã học để viết bài hoàn chỉnh:
In some countries, students pay their college or university fees, while in some others, the government pays for them. Do you think the advantages that the government pays the money outweigh the disadvantages? |
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Gợi ý trả lời:
In some countries, rather than students, governments shoulder the responsibility of paying tuition fees to colleges and universities. This essay will compare the strengths and weaknesses of this action taken by the government, and argue that it is more beneficial.
I am of the opinion that governments covering education fees could have positive outcomes for both individuals and nations. Firstly, such action is advantageous for individual growth. With no financial burden for tuition, students can devote more attention to their studies, thereby maximizing their potential for future development. Additionally, it promotes social equity by ensuring equal educational opportunities for all, regardless of socioeconomic status, thus narrowing the gap between social classes. Furthermore, by allocating public funds to the education sector, the overall quality of the nation can be greatly enhanced.
However, the potential negative repercussions on local authorities from funding students' tuition cannot be overlooked. Primarily, it may pose a threat to economic progress if insufficient funds are allocated to sectors directly contributing to the economy, such as manufacturing. This could hinder the nation's overall economic growth. Moreover, students exempt from tuition fees may not fully value their educational opportunities compared to those who pay, resulting in a wastage of educational resources.
In summary, despite the drawbacks associated with this approach, I am in favor of government-funded education fees for students. In my view, the benefits of this action far outweigh the potential drawbacks.
