Parts of Speech là một khái niệm quan trọng trong việc hiểu và sử dụng ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh. Đối với những người mới bắt đầu học tiếng Anh, việc nắm vững các loại từ (Parts of Speech) là một bước quan trọng để xây dựng nền tảng ngôn ngữ mạnh mẽ.
Trên bản đồ tư duy (mind map) sau đây, chúng ta sẽ tổng hợp và khám phá các loại từ căn bản trong tiếng Anh.
Noun (Danh từ)
Tên riêng: Proper Nouns
Dưới đây là một số tên riêng phổ biến mà chúng ta thường gặp trong cuộc sống hàng ngày:
Tên người | Tến thành phố | Tên quốc gia |
---|---|---|
John | London | United States |
Mary | Paris | China |
David | New York | India |
Sarah | Tokyo | Vietnam |
Michael | Beijing | Russia |
Jennifer | Sydney | Germany |
James | Rome | France |
Emily | Cairo | United Kingdom |
Robert | Moscow | Japan |
Jessica | Rio de Janeiro | Australia. |
General Nouns: Danh từ tổng quát
Có 2 loại cơ bản của danh từ chung (common nouns) trong tiếng Anh:
Danh từ đếm được | Danh từ không đếm được |
---|---|
dog | water |
book | music |
table | advice |
Orange | experience |
bird | funiture |
car | fruit |
doll | money |
class | information |
shirt | knowledge |
apple | coffee |
Group Nouns: Danh từ nhóm (ví dụ: bầy đàn, đội ngũ)
Danh từ tập hợp | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
army | Đội quân | The army marched in formation. |
band | Ban nhạc | The band performed a lively concert. |
herd | đàn | We saw a herd of elephants at the national park. |
fleet | Đội tàu, đội xe | The fleet of ships set sail towards the horizon. |
choir | Dàn hợp xướng | The choir sang beautifully at the concert. |
pack | bầy | The pack of wolves hunted together in the forest. |
crew | đội | The crew prepared the airplane for take off. |
swarm | Đàn, bầy | A swarm of bees buzzed around the flowers. |
class | Lớp học | The class listened attentively to the teacher's lecture. |
flock | đàn | The flock of birds flew in perfect formation. |
Conceptual Nouns: Danh từ khái niệm
Danh từ tập hợp | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
love | Tình yêu | Love is a powerful emotion that can bring people together. |
freedom | Sự tự do | Freedom is a fundamental human right. |
happiness | Hạnh phúc | Everyone seeks happiness in life. |
courage | Sự dũng cảm | It takes courage to stand up for what you believe in. |
justice | Công bằng | The pursuit of justice is essential for a fair society. |
wisdom | Sự thông thái | Wisdom comes with experience and knowledge. |
patience | Sự kiên nhẫn | Patience is a virtue that helps us navigate challenges. |
truth | Sự thật | Seeking the truth is a noble pursuit. |
hope | Hi vọng | Hope gives us strength and optimism for the future. |
friendship | Tình bạn | Friendship is a special bond between individuals. |
Composite Nouns: Danh từ tổ hợp
Danh từ ghép | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
Toothbrush | bàn chải đánh răng | I need to buy a new toothbrush. |
Mailbox | hòm thư | The mailman dropped the letter in the mailbox. |
Raincoat | áo mưa | Don't forget to bring your raincoat, it might rain later. |
Football | Bóng đá | He enjoys playing football with his friends. |
Bookshelf | giá sách | I organized my books on the bookshelf. |
Headphones | tai nghe | He put on his headphones to listen to music. |
Breakfast | bữa sáng | What did you have for breakfast this morning? |
Firefighter | lính cứu hỏa | The firefighter bravely entered the burning building. |
Cupcake | bánh bông lan | She baked delicious cupcakes for the party. |
Sunglasses | kính mát | She wore her sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun. |
Verb (Động từ)
Dynamic Verbs: Động từ biểu hiện hành động
Động từ chỉ hành động | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
run | chạy | She loves to run in the park every morning. |
speak | Nói chuyện | He can speak multiple languages fluently. |
jump | nhảy | The athlete performed a high jump during the competition. |
dance | Nhảy múa | The couple danced gracefully at their wedding reception. |
swim | bơi | Let's go swimming at the beach this weekend. |
write | viết | She enjoys writing stories in her free time. |
sing | hát | The singer has a beautiful voice and loves to sing on stage. |
drive | Lái xe | He learned how to drive a car when he turned 18. |
read | đọc | She spends her evenings reading books in the library. |
play | chơi | The children gathered in the park to play games together. |
Copular Verbs: Động từ liên kết
Động từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
be | là | She is a talented musician. |
seem | Có vẻ | The weather seems nice today. |
become | Trở thành | He became a doctor after years of studying. |
appear | Xuất hiện | The magician appeared on stage and amazed the audience. |
feel | Cảm thấy | I feel tired after a long day at work. |
look | Trông có vẻ | She looks happy in the photograph. |
sound | Nghe có vẻ | The music sounds beautiful and soothing. |
smell | Ngửi có mùi | The flowers smell fragrant in the garden. |
taste | Có vị | The soup tastes delicious with its rich flavors. |
remain | Vẫn còn | Despite the challenges, their love remains strong. |
Direct Object Verbs: Động từ có tân ngữ trực tiếp
Động từ có tân ngữ | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
eat | ăn | She eats an apple for breakfast every day. |
love | yêu | They love their pet dog unconditionally. |
buy | mua | He buys a new car to replace his old one. |
send | gửi | She sends a birthday card to her best friend. |
cook | Nấu ăn | He cooks a delicious dinner for his family. |
open | mở | She opens the door and invites the guests inside. |
paint | sơn | The artist paints a beautiful landscape on the canvas. |
build | Xây dựng | They are building a new house in the neighborhood. |
teach | dạy | The teacher teaches mathematics to the students. |
kick | đá | She kicks the ball with great force. |
Non-Transitive Verbs: Động từ không yêu cầu tân ngữ
Động từ không có tân ngữ | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
sleep | ngủ | She sleeps peacefully through the night |
die | mất | The old man died peacefully in his sleep. |
laugh | cười | The children laughed at the funny clown. |
cry | khóc | She couldn't help but cry when she heard the sad news. |
sing | hát | The singer sang a beautiful song at the concert. |
run | chạy | He ran as fast as he could to catch the bus. |
dance | Nhảy múa | They danced gracefully on the stage, showcasing their talent. |
walk | Đi bộ | She walks to work every day instead of taking the bus. |
blink | blink | He blinked his eyes several times to clear his vision. |
smile | smile | The little girl smiled brightly when she saw her favorite toy. |
Causative Verbs: Động từ gây ra hành động
Động từ khiến làm | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
make | Làm cho | My parents made me clean my room before going out. |
let | Cho phép | She lets her children watch TV for an hour every day. |
have | để | They had their car repaired at the mechanic's shop. |
help | giúp | The teacher helped the students understand the difficult concept |
allow | Cho phép | The manager allowed the employees to take a day off for personal reasons. |
persuade | Thuyết phục | He persuaded his friend to join him on the adventure trip. |
force | Ép buộc | The dictator forced the citizens to obey his orders. |
require | Yêu cầu | The job requires you to have excellent communication skills. |
enable | Cho phép | The new software enables users to edit photos easily. |
entice | Lôi kéo | The delicious smell of the bakery enticed customers to enter. |
Factitive Verbs: Động từ tạo tân ngữ
Động từ tạo ra tân ngữ | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
elect | bầu chọn | They elected him as the new president. |
make | tạo ra | She made a cake for the birthday party. |
appoint | bổ nhiệm | The company appointed her as the new manager. |
name | đặt tên | They named their baby girl Lily. |
designate | chỉ định | The teacher designated him as the class representative. |
hire | tuyển dụng | The company hired him as a software engineer. |
select | chọn lựa | They selected her to be part of the team. |
nominate | đề cử | The committee nominated him for the prestigious award. |
crown | đính vương miện | The queen crowned her as the new queen. |
Auxiliary/Helping Verbs: Động từ hỗ trợ
Động từ trợ | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
be | là | She is studying for her exams. |
have | có | They have finished their homework. |
will | sẽ | I will go to the party tomorrow. |
can | Có thể | He can speak three languages fluently. |
should | nên | You should eat more fruits and vegetables. |
could | Có thể | She could play the piano when she was young. |
do | làm | Did you finish your homework? |
would | sẽ | He would help you if you ask. |
May | Có thể | You may leave the meeting early if you have a valid reason. |
must | Bắt buộc | We must finish the project by the end of the week. |
Adjective (Tính từ)
Compound Adjectives: Tính từ kết hợp
Tính từ ghép | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
well-known | Nổi tiếng | He is a well-known actor in Hollywood. |
high-quality | Chất lượng cao | The restaurant serves high-quality food. |
long-term | Dài hạn | They have a long-term plan for their business. |
open-minded | Cởi mở | She is known for her open-mindedness and acceptance of different ideas. |
self-confident | Tự tin | The speaker appeared self-confident on stage. |
eco-friendly | Thân thiện với môi trường | The company promotes eco-friendly practices. |
hardworking | Chăm chỉ | She is a hardworking student who always puts in extra effort. |
fast-paced | Nhanh chóng | The city has a fast-paced lifestyle. |
well-behaved | Cư xử tốt | The children were well-behaved during the school assembly. |
time-consuming | Tốn thời gian | Writing a research paper can be time-consuming. |
Gradable Adjectives: Tính từ có thể đánh giá
Tính từ có thể so sánh | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
big | lớn | Mount Everest is the biggest mountain in the world. |
fast | nhanh | The high-speed train is the fastest mode of transportation. |
intelligent | Thông minh | Einstein is considered one of the most intelligent scientists in history. |
beautiful | Xinh đẹp | The sunset at the beach is the most beautiful I've ever seen. |
good | tốt | This is the best movie I've ever seen. |
bad | xấu | That was the worst meal I've ever had. |
little | ít | He has the least experience among the candidates. |
Tall | cao | The giraffe is the tallest animal on land. |
happy | Vui vẻ | The birth of their child was the happiest moment of their lives |
Many | nhiều | The library has the most books in town. |
Non-gradable Adjectives: Tính từ không thể đánh giá được
Tính từ không so sánh được | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
dead | chết | The flowers are dead. |
perfect | hoàn hảo | The painting is perfect. |
unique | duy nhất | Each snowflake is unique. |
excellent | xuất sắc | She gave an excellent presentation. |
complete | hoàn chỉnh | The project is complete. |
impossible | không thể | Climbing that mountain alone is impossible. |
pregnant | mang bầu | She is pregnant. |
square | vuông | The table is square. |
round | tròn | The moon is round. |
final | cuối cùng | This is the final decision. |
Adverb (Trạng từ)
Frequency Adverbs: Trạng từ tần số
Trạng từ tần suất | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
always | Luôn luôn | She always arrives on time for work. |
sometimes | Đôi khi | I sometimes go jogging in the morning. |
never | Không bao giờ | He never eats spicy food. |
rarely | Hiếm khi | They rarely go to the movies. |
often | Thường xuyên | We often have dinner together as a family. |
occasionally | Thỉnh thoảng | They occasionally travel to different countries. |
frequently | Thường xuyên | The bus arrives frequently during rush hour. |
seldom | Hiếm khi | She seldom complains about anything. |
regularly | Đều đặn | He always helps his friends when they need him. |
Manner Adverbs: Trạng từ về cách thức
Trạng từ cách thức | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
quickly | nhanh chóng | She completed the task quickly and efficiently. |
carefully | Cẩn thận | He handled the delicate items carefully. |
slowly | Chậm chạp | The traffic moved slowly due to the heavy rain. |
loudly | To lớn | The music was playing loudly at the party. |
quietly | Im lặng | The baby slept quietly in her crib. |
skillfully | Tài ba | The artist painted skillfully with intricate details. |
eagerly | Hăm hở | The children eagerly opened their presents on Christmas morning |
calmly | Bình tĩnh | She spoke calmly during the stressful situation. |
smoothly | Mượt mà | The car ride went smoothly without any bumps. |
enthusiastically | Hăng hái | The team members enthusiastically cheered for their victory. |
Time Adverbs: Trạng từ về thời gian
Trạng từ thời gian | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
today | Hôm nay | I will meet her for lunch today. |
soon | sớm | The movie will start soon. |
yesterday | Hôm qua | We went to the beach yesterday. |
tomorrow | Ngày mai | They have an important meeting tomorrow. |
now | Bây giờ | He is busy with work now. |
already | Đã | She has already finished her homework. |
recently | Gần đây | I visited my grandparents recently. |
currently | Hiện tại | The company is currently undergoing restructuring. |
eventually | Cuối cùng | They will eventually find a solution to the problem. |
suddenly | Đột ngột | The phone rang suddenly, startling everyone in the room. |
Place Adverbs: Trạng từ về địa điểm
Trạng từ tần suất | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
here | Ở dây | The keys are here on the table. |
there | Ở đó | The bookstore is located there across the street. |
everywhere | Khắp nơi | The children's toys were scattered everywhere in the room. |
nowhere | Không đâu | He could find his wallet nowhere in the house. |
outside | Bên ngoài | They enjoyed playing outside in the park. |
inside | Bên trong | The cat is hiding inside the box. |
nearby | Gần đây | There is a café nearby where we can grab a coffee. |
abroad | Nước ngoài | They are planning to study abroad next year. |
upstairs | Lầu trên | She went upstairs to her bedroom to get her book. |
downstairs | Lầu dưới | He rushed downstairs to answer the doorbell. |
Conjunctive Adverbs: Trạng từ nối
Trạng từ liên kết | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
however | tuy nhiên | She studied hard; however, she didn't perform well in the exam. |
therefore | do đó | The weather was bad; therefore, the outdoor event was canceled. |
Furthermore | hơn nữa | She is talented and hardworking; furthermore, she is a great team player. |
Meanwhile | trong khi đó | He was busy with his work; meanwhile, his colleagues were enjoying a coffee break. |
nevertheless | tuy nhiên | The project faced challenges; nevertheless, they managed to complete it on time. |
moreover | hơn nữa | The project is not only on schedule but moreover, it is also under budget. |
consequently | do đó | He didn't study for the exam; consequently, he failed. |
nonetheless | tuy nhiên | The weather was bad; nonetheless, they decided to go hiking. |
thus | do đó | He saved enough money; thus, he was able to buy a new car. |
On the other hand | mặt khác | She enjoys swimming, but on the other hand, she dislikes running. |
Preposition (Giới từ)
Place Prepositions: Giới từ về địa điểm
Giới từ địa điểm | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
at | tại | She is waiting for you at the bus stop. |
in | trong | The keys are in the drawer. |
on | trên | The book is on the table. |
under | dưới | The cat is sleeping under the bed. |
above | Phía trên | The painting is hanging above the fireplace. |
below | Phía dưới | The shoes are kept below the coat rack. |
beside | Bên cạnh | He sat beside his best friend during the concert. |
between | Ở giữa | The car is parked between two trees. |
behind | Đằng sau | The playground is behind the school building. |
Next to | Kế bên | The supermarket is next to the post office. |
Time Prepositions: Giới từ về thời gian
Giới từ thời gian | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
during | trong suốt | I like to read books during my free time. |
until | cho đến khi | They waited at the bus stop until the bus arrived. |
after | sau khi | We went for a walk after dinner. |
before | trước khi | Please submit your assignment before the deadline. |
at | vào | The meeting is scheduled at 2 p.m. |
on | vào ngày, vào thời điểm cụ thể | The party is on Saturday. |
in | trong khoảng thời gian, trong tháng/năm | She will start her new job in September. |
since | từ khi | I have known him since we were in high school. |
by | trước một thời điểm cụ thể | Please complete the report by Friday. |
from...to/until | từ...đến | The store is open from Monday to Saturday. |
Other Prepositions: Giới từ khác
Giới từ khác | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
besides | ngoài ra | Besides English, she also speaks French and German. |
despite | mặc dù | Despite the rain, we went for a walk. |
without | không có | He managed to finish the project without any help. |
within | trong khoảng thời gian, trong phạm vi | Please complete the task within the next hour. |
among | giữa, trong số | The prize was divided among the three winners. |
around | xung quanh | We walked around the park and enjoyed the scenery. |
beneath | dưới | The cat hid beneath the table. |
except | ngoại trừ | Everyone attended the meeting except for John. |
towards | về phía | She walked towards the bus stop. |
with | với | He went to the party with his friends. |
Pronoun (Đại từ)
Personal Pronouns: Đại từ cá nhân
Đại từ nhân xưng | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
I | tôi | I am going to the store. |
you | bạn | Are you coming to the party? |
he | Anh ấy | He is studying for his exam. |
she | Cô ấy | She is reading a book. |
it | nó | The cat is sleeping. It looks tired. |
we | Chúng tôi | We are going on a trip. |
they | họ | They went to the beach. |
me | tôi | Can you pass me the salt? |
him | Anh ấy | I saw him at the park |
her | Cô ấy | I gave her a gift for her birthday. |
Demonstrative Pronouns: Đại từ chỉ trỏ
Đại từ chỉ định | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
this | đây | This is my favorite book. |
that | đó | That car belongs to my neighbor. |
these | Những cái này | These apples are fresh. |
those | Những cái đó | Those shoes look comfortable. |
such | Như vậy | She made such a beautiful cake. |
The former | Cái trước | I prefer the former option. |
The latter | Cái sau | She chose the latter alternative. |
one | một | One is never too old to learn. |
ones | Những cái | Can you pass me the blue ones? |
another | Một cái khác | I need another pen. |
Interrogative Pronouns: Đại từ hỏi
Đại từ nghi vấn | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
who | ai | Who is that person over there? |
whom | ai | Whom did you invite to the party? |
what | Cái gì | What is your favorite color? |
which | nào | Which book do you recommend? |
whose | Của ai | Whose pen is this? |
where | Ở đâu | Where is the nearest grocery store? |
when | Khi nào | When is your birthday? |
why | Tại áo | Why did you choose that option? |
how | Như thế nào | How did you solve the problem? |
Relative Pronouns: Đại từ quan hệ
Đại từ quan hệ | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
who | người | The person who called me is my friend. |
whom | người | The girl whom I met yesterday is a talented musician. |
which | cái | The book which is on the table is mine. |
that | cái | The car that I bought last year is very reliable. |
whose | của ai | The student whose notebook was lost is looking for it. |
where | nơi | I visited the place where I grew up. |
when | khi | This is the day when we first met. |
why | tại sao | The reason why she left the party early is unclear. |
what | cái gì | Tell me what you want for your birthday. |
Conjunction (Liên từ)
Coordinating Conjunctions: Liên từ phối hợp
Liên từ đồng tầm | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
and | và | I like to read books and watch movies. |
but | nhưng | She studied hard, but she didn't pass the exam. |
or | hoặc | Would you like tea or coffee? |
nor | Cũng không | He neither confirmed nor denied the allegations. |
for | vì | He didn't eat much, for he wasn't hungry. |
yet | Nhưng mà | She is tired, yet she keeps working. |
so | Vì vậy | It was raining, so we stayed indoos. |
because | Bởi vì | He couldn't attend the meeting because he was sick. |
either...or | hoặc…hoặc | You can either come with us or stay here. |
neither...nor | Không…cũng không | Neither John nor Mary attended the party. |
Subordinating Conjunctions: Liên từ phụ thuộc
Liên từ phụ thuộc | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
because | Bởi vì | I stayed home because it was raining. |
although | Mặc dù | Although it was cold, she went out in a T-shirt. |
if | nếu | If you study hard, you will pass the exam. |
when | khi | I will call you when I arrive at the airport. |
while | Trong khi | She listened to music while doing her homework. |
until | Cho đến khi | They played games until it got dark. |
after | Sau khi | We went out for dinner after the movie ended. |
before | Trước khi | Please finish your homework before going to bed. |
since | Kể từ khi | I have known him since we were in college. |
whether | liệu | I don't know whether he will come or not. |
Correlative Conjunctions: Liên từ tương quan
Các liên từ đồng phủ | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
---|---|---|
either...or | hoặc...hoặc | You can either come with us or stay at home. |
neither...nor | không...cũng không | Neither John nor Mary attended the party. |
both...and | cả...và | She is both intelligent and hardworking. |
not only...but also | không chỉ...mà còn | He is not only a talented musician but also a skilled painter. |
whether...or | dù...hay | I don't know whether he will come or not. |
as...as | càng...càng | He is as tall as his brother. |
just as...so | cũng như...vậy | Just as she loves to sing, so does her sister. |
such...that | quá...đến mức | It was such a hot day that we decided to go swimming. |
no sooner...than | không chừng...thì | No sooner had she arrived home than it started to rain. |
Hiện tại, Anh ngữ Mytour đang tổ chức các khóa học English Foundation cam kết đầu ra Zero-risk giúp người mới bắt đầu học tiếng Anh có nền tảng vững về từ vựng – ngữ pháp – phát âm để có thể diễn đạt cơ bản các ý tưởng của mình, đọc/nghe hiểu được ý chính, hiểu và áp dụng các cấu trúc câu ngữ pháp tiếng Anh cơ bản,…. Tham khảo ngay khoá học để biết thêm thông tin chi tiết nhé!
Tổng kết
Tài liệu tham khảo:
Herring, P. (2016). Complete English grammar rules. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.