What Is Modern Architecture? A Quick Overview

One of the first things you'll notice about modern architecture is that while it shares a broad set of defining features, each building is distinct in its own way. The style promotes freedom of expression over strict adherence to rules, utilizes contemporary materials, and emphasizes the integration of form and function.

"The charm of modern architecture lies in the chance to create something distinctive with an emphasis on openness and visual connections to both the natural environment and the built world around it," explains architect Jan Brenner, associate principal at CambridgeSeven. "It naturally gives the architect the opportunity to interpret the site and its materials, using those insights as the foundation for design."

Next, we delve into the origins and development of modern architecture, highlighting some of the key characteristics that define this iconic style.

A Brief Historical Overview of Modern Architecture

Modern architecture has its roots in 20th-century Europe and is closely tied to a social movement challenging the bourgeoisie, according to Brenner. During this time, everyday people gained access to new materials and technologies—once reserved for the wealthy—leading to a shift away from traditional architectural styles toward something more innovative.

"Classical architecture was seen by the pioneers of modernism as a style of excess and unnecessary ornamentation," Brenner explains. "By embracing modern materials and technologies, architects were able to prioritize functionalism, with expansive views through large windows and open spaces in wide-reaching structures."

He further adds that modernism also granted architects a level of freedom they'd never experienced before: the freedom to express themselves. Rather than being confined by rigid architectural rules, they were free to explore new ideas and experiment with design.

"Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe believed that buildings should prioritize functionality and efficiency, reflecting the modern world," says Bernadette Cuaycong, design manager at Block Renovation. "Their focus was on how people lived, worked, and transitioned through spaces, rather than on decorating every corner with ornamental details."

Modern architecture has transformed over time, becoming less industrial and 'cold' than its earlier forms. Brenner notes that contemporary modern architecture often integrates warm, natural materials, as opposed to the minimalistic glass, steel, and concrete of the past. Nevertheless, the essence of modern architecture remains rooted in artistic freedom and innovation.

6 Key Characteristics of Modern Architecture

Although modern architecture has evolved—and each building carries its own distinct characteristics—there are a few consistent features that define the style.

Flat or Low-Pitched Roofs

Modern architecture typically incorporates flat or low-pitched roofs instead of the traditional sloped roofs. "This design choice reflects the movement's aim to highlight simplicity and move away from ornate, historical features," explains Cuaycong. "Flat roofs offer a sleek, minimalist appearance and can be utilized as functional spaces for rooftop gardens, solar panels, or outdoor terraces."

Minimalism and Clean Lines

Modern architecture also embraces simplicity with clean lines and a lack of decorative elements. "This results in open, elegant, and welcoming spaces," Cuaycong explains. "While lines can elongate or heighten a space, they help form a harmonious composition in otherwise asymmetrical designs."

Large Windows

Expansive windows that flood rooms with natural light are a hallmark of modern architecture. "This is seen in sliding doors, glass walls, and large windows common in contemporary homes, particularly in places like California," Brenner observes. "These large windows create a connection with the outdoors and support a seamless indoor-outdoor living experience."

Open Floor Plans

The open floor plan concept (in contrast to segmented spaces) is a defining feature of modern architecture. "Open floor plans provide visual continuity with the possibility of larger spaces and expansive views free from obstacles," says Brenner. He adds that this openness is not only visually appealing but also allows spaces like kitchens—previously hidden away—to become stunning focal points.

Exposed Structure

While traditional homes often incorporate elements like wallpaper and decorative features to conceal the building's structural components, modern architecture celebrates the raw materials. "This style exposes the core structure, such as beams, and highlights their natural beauty by leaving them visible rather than covering them with decoration," Brenner explains.

Use of Modern Materials

Contemporary modern architecture blends industrial elements—such as steel, glass, and concrete—with natural materials like wood and stone. This combination provides abundant natural light (from the glass), strength and resilience (from the steel and concrete), and a warm, inviting tone (thanks to the wood and stone).