Mệnh đề diễn tả nguyên nhân: Các cấu trúc phổ biến và những lỗi dễ mắc phải

Khi giao tiếp hoặc viết bài tiếng Anh, người học sẽ cần dùng đến kiến thức về mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân để nêu lý do, giải thích cho một hành động, hiện tượng nào đó. Đây là phần ngữ pháp cơ bản và được sử dụng rất phổ biến trong các kỳ thi cũng như đời sống thường ngày. Vì vậy, bài viết dưới đây sẽ giới thiệu một số cấu trúc về mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân và lưu ý một số nhầm lẫn thường mắc phải.

Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân có nghĩa là gì?

• She couldn't sleep because the room was too noisy. (Cô ấy không thể ngủ vì phòng quá ồn ào.)

• They missed the train as they got stuck in traffic. (Họ bị lỡ chuyến tàu vì họ bị kẹt xe.)

• He failed the exam because of not studying hard enough. (Anh ấy trượt kỳ thi vì anh ấy không học đủ chăm chỉ.)

Các cấu trúc của mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân

Cấu trúc với liên từ Because

Cấu trúc: Mệnh đề chính + because + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân.

hoặc Because + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, + Mệnh đề chính.

Lưu ý: “Because” thường được sử dụng khi người nói muốn nhấn mạnh vào lý do.

Ví dụ:

• She didn't attend the meeting because she was feeling unwell.(Cô ấy không tham dự cuộc họp vì cô ấy cảm thấy không khỏe.)

• Because it rained heavily, the event was canceled . (Vì trời mưa to nên sự kiện đã bị hủy.)

Cấu trúc với các liên từ Since, As

Cấu trúc: Mệnh đề chính + since/as + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân.

hoặc Since/As+ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, + Mệnh đề chính.

Ví dụ:

• Since he had already eaten dinner, he wasn't hungry when we went out. (Vì anh ấy đã ăn tối rồi, anh ấy không đói khi chúng tôi đi ra ngoài.)

• As it was late at night, they decided to call a taxi instead of walking home. (Vì đã khuya, họ quyết định gọi taxi thay vì đi bộ về nhà.)

Cấu trúc sử dụng For

Cấu trúc: Mệnh đề chính + for + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân.

hoặc For+ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, + Mệnh đề chính.

Lưu ý: Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân với liên từ for thường được sử dụng trong văn thơ hoặc trong ngữ cảnh mang tính trang trọng.

Ví dụ:

• For he loved her with all his heart, he wrote poems every night. (Vì anh ấy yêu cô ấy hết lòng, anh ấy viết những bài thơ mỗi đêm.)

• For she made outstanding contributions to the field of medicine, she was awarded the Nobel Prize.

  (Vì những đóng góp xuất sắc của cô ấy cho lĩnh vực y học, cô ấy đã được trao Giải Nobel.)

Cấu trúc với các liên từ Because of, Due to, Owing to

Cấu trúc: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to + danh từ/Ving + Mệnh đề chính

hoặc Mệnh đề chính + because of/ due to/ owing to + danh từ/Ving

Ví dụ:

• Because of the heavy snowfall, the schools were closed for the day.

  (Do tuyết rơi dày, các trường học đã đóng cửa trong ngày.)

• Due to the unexpected power outage, the concert was postponed until further notice.

  (Do sự cố mất điện đột ngột, buổi hòa nhạc đã bị hoãn đến khi thông báo sau.)

• Owing to his hard work and dedication, he was promoted to the position of manager.

  (Do sự chăm chỉ và tận tụy của anh ấy, anh ấy đã được thăng chức lên vị trí quản lý.)

Những sai sót và hiểu lầm thường gặp

• Ví dụ: The baby is hungry because her mother is absent.

=> Vì vậy, nếu người học viết lại với cấu trúc because of: The baby is hungry because of her absence là sai.

Tuy because và because of/ due to/ owing to có cùng nghĩa là “bởi vì” nhưng thành phần đi đằng sau chúng lại khác nhau. “Because + mệnh đề” còn “because of/ due to/ owing to + danh từ/Ving”. Do đó, người học có thể nhầm lẫn khi sử dụng 2 cấu trúc này.

Ví dụ:

• Lỗi sai: Due to he forgot the appointment, he missed the meeting.

• Sửa: Due to his forgetting the appointment, he missed the meeting

Ngoài ra, một lỗi sai khác là thiếu dấu phẩy sau mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân.

Ví dụ:

• Lỗi sai: Owing to the heavy traffic we arrived late.

• Sửa: Owing to the heavy traffic, we arrived late.

Bài tập

Bài 1: Hoàn thiện các câu sau bằng cách điền liên từ phù hợp trong ngoặc

1. ______ (Because /Due to) the traffic jam, we arrived late to the party.

2. She couldn't attend the meeting ______ (because/ because of) she was feeling unwell.

3. ______ (Due to/As) his dedication and hard work, he was promoted to a higher position.

4. We had to postpone the trip ______ (because/due to) unforeseen circumstances.

5. ______ (Because of/Since) she forgot her umbrella, she got wet in the rain.

6. They apologized ______ (for/since) the inconvenience caused by the construction noise.

7. We decided to cancel the event ______ (because of/due to) the low turnout of participants.

8. ______ (Since/Because of) it was getting late, we left the party early.

9. The project was delayed ______ (since/owning to) insufficient funding.

10. She was praised ______ (for/because) her dedication and hard work.

Bài 2: Viết lại câu sao cho ý nghĩa không thay đổi

1. She couldn't attend the meeting because she was ill. (because of)

2. We left the party early due to the lateness. (since)

3. Because he forgot the appointment, he missed the meeting. (due to)

4. They had to cancel the picnic because of the bad weather. (because)

5. We missed the train because we arrived at the station late. (due to)

6. Due to not studying hard enough, he failed the exam. (because)

7. She was awarded a scholarship because she achieved excellent grades. (due to)

8. Because of the loud noise outside, he couldn't concentrate. (since)

Bài 3: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai trong các câu dưới đây

1. She couldn't finish her homework on time because of she got distracted by her phone.

2. Due to he was the oldest sibling, he felt responsible for taking care of his younger brothers and sisters.

3. Because of the snowfall was heavy, the roads were impassable.

4. Due to she had already made plans for the weekend, she couldn't join us for the trip.

5. Because his excellent performance, he was offered a promotion at work.

6. Since the pandemic, the conference was held virtually instead of in-person.

7. Because of run late, they decided to take a taxi to the airport.

8. The match was canceled because the unexpected power outage at the stadium.

Câu trả lời

Bài 1: Hoàn thành những câu sau với liên từ thích hợp trong ngoặc

1. Due to the traffic jam, we arrived late to the party.

2. She couldn't attend the meeting because she was feeling unwell.

3. Due to his dedication and hard work, he was promoted to a higher position.

4. We had to postpone the trip due to unforeseen circumstances.

5. Since she forgot her umbrella, she got wet in the rain.

6. They apologized for the inconvenience caused by the construction noise.

7. We decided to cancel the event due to the low turnout of participants.

8. Since it was getting late, we left the party early.

9. The project was delayed owing to insufficient funding.

10. She was praised for her dedication and hard work.

Bài 2: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi

1. She couldn't attend the meeting because she was ill. (because of)

   • Đáp án: She couldn't attend the meeting because of her illness

2. We left the party early due to the lateness. (since)

   • Đáp án: We left the party early since it was getting late.

3. Because he forgot the appointment, he missed the meeting. (due to)

   • Đáp án: He missed the meeting due to forgetting the appointment.

4. They had to cancel the picnic because of the bad weather. (because)

   • Đáp án: They had to cancel the picnic because the weather was bad.

5. We missed the train because we arrived at the station late. (due to)

   • Đáp án: Due to arriving at the station late, we missed the train.

6. Due to not studying hard enough, he failed the exam. (because)

   • Đáp án: He failed the exam because he didn't study hard enough.

7. She was awarded a scholarship because she achieved excellent grades. (due to)

   • Đáp án: Due to achieving excellent grades, she was awarded a scholarship.

8. Because of the loud noise outside, he couldn't concentrate. (since)

   • Because the noise outside was too loud, he couldn't concentrate.

Bài 3: Sửa lỗi sai trong các câu dưới đây

1. She was unable to finish her homework on time because she got distracted by her phone.

   • Error: because of

   • Correction: because/since/as. 'Because of' is followed by a noun or verb in the -ing form, so it should be corrected to 'getting'.

2. As he was the oldest sibling, he felt responsible for looking after his younger brothers and sisters.

   • Error: due to

   • Correction: because/since/as. Since the clause 'he was the oldest sibling' follows, it should be changed to 'because/since/as'.

3. Because the snowfall was heavy, the roads became impassable.

   • Error: because of

   • Correction: because/since/as. As 'the snowfall was heavy' is a clause, it should be adjusted to 'because/since/as'.

4. Because she had already made weekend plans, she couldn't join us for the trip.

   • Error: due to

   • Correction: because/since/as. Since the clause 'she had already made plans for the weekend' follows, it should be changed to 'because/since/as'.

5. Due to his outstanding performance, he was offered a promotion at work.

   • Error: because

   • Correction: due to/because of. Since 'his excellent performance' is a noun, it should be changed to 'due to/because of'.

6. Since the pandemic, the conference has been held virtually instead of in person.

   • Error: since

   • Correction: due to/because of. As 'the pandemic' is a noun, it should be corrected to 'due to/because of'.

7. Because they ran late, they decided to take a taxi to the airport.

   • Error: run

   • Correction: running. After 'because of', the verb should be in the -ing form, so it should be 'running'.

8. The match was canceled because of the unexpected power outage at the stadium.

   • Error: because

   • Correction: due to/because of. Since 'the unexpected power outage at the stadium' is a noun, it should be corrected to 'due to/because of'.

Tổng kết lại

Nguồn tham khảo

“As, Because or Since?” Grammar - Cambridge Dictionary, 8 May 2024, dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/as-because-or-since.